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1.
Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L, 2009. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Combat Childhood Diarrhoea in Developing Countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 3ie Synthetic Review 001. Available at: http://www.3ieimpact.org/admin/pdfs_synthetic2/1.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2009.
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Zwane AP, Kremer M, 2007. What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries? A Critical Review. World Bank Res Observer 22: 1–24.
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Hutton G, Haller L, Bartram J, 2007. Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions. J Water Health 5: 481–502.
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Tonglet R, Isu K, Mpese M, Dramaix M, Hennart P, 1992. Can improvements in water supply reduce childhood diarrhoea? Health Policy Plan 7: 260–268.
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5.
Gascón J, Vargas M, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Casals C, Kahigwa E, Aponte JJ, Mshinda H, Vila J, 2000. Diarrhea in children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case-control study. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4459–4462.
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6.
Gorter AC, Sandiford P, Smith GD, Pauw JP, 1991. Water supply, sanitation and diarrhoeal disease in Nicaragua: results from a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 20: 527–533.
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7.
Gorter AC, Sandiford P, Pauw J, Morales P, Pérez RM, Alberts H, 1998. Hygiene behaviour in rural Nicaragua in relation to diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol 27: 1090–1100.
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8.
Semenza JC, Roberts L, Henderson A, Bogan J, Rubin CH, 1998. Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzebekistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 941–946.
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9.
Zeitlin MF, Ahmed NU, Beiser AS, Zeitlin JA, Super CM, Guldan GS, 1995. Developmental, behavioural, and environmental risk factors for diarrhoea among rural Bangladeshi children of less than two years. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 13: 99–105.
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10.
Hunter PR, Zmirou-Navier D, Hartemann P, 2009. Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 407: 2621–2624.
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Self-Reported Diarrheal Disease and Distance from Home to Water Source
Xia Wang
Xia Wang
School of Medicine, Health Policy, and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Paul R. Hunter
Paul R. Hunter
School of Medicine, Health Policy, and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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The aim of this study was to identify whether there was a relationship between the distance that people have to carry water home and ill health. We conducted a systematic review for papers that reported on the association between diarrheal risk and distance. Six papers were identified for inclusion in the meta-analysis. These were all observational studies, and only two reported effect sizes that adjusted for possible confounding. Multiple different types of water sources supplied the study communities. The combined odds ratio (OR) showed a significant increase in illness risk in people living farther away from their water source (OR = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04–1.68). There is a need for better designed studies to further elucidate the health impacts on having to carry water home.
Author Notes
Disclosure: P.R.H. is Chair of the Board of Directors of the Institute of Public Health and Water Research and Chair of the Science Advisory Council to Suez Environment plc. This statement is made in the interest of full disclosure and not because the author considers this to be a conflict of interest.
Authors' addresses: Xia Wang and Paul R. Hunter, School of Medicine, Health Policy, and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, E-mails: X.Wang@uea.ac.uk and Paul.Hunter@uea.ac.uk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L, 2009. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Combat Childhood Diarrhoea in Developing Countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 3ie Synthetic Review 001. Available at: http://www.3ieimpact.org/admin/pdfs_synthetic2/1.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2009.
-
2.
Zwane AP, Kremer M, 2007. What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries? A Critical Review. World Bank Res Observer 22: 1–24.
-
3.
Hutton G, Haller L, Bartram J, 2007. Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions. J Water Health 5: 481–502.
-
4.
Tonglet R, Isu K, Mpese M, Dramaix M, Hennart P, 1992. Can improvements in water supply reduce childhood diarrhoea? Health Policy Plan 7: 260–268.
-
5.
Gascón J, Vargas M, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Casals C, Kahigwa E, Aponte JJ, Mshinda H, Vila J, 2000. Diarrhea in children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case-control study. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4459–4462.
-
6.
Gorter AC, Sandiford P, Smith GD, Pauw JP, 1991. Water supply, sanitation and diarrhoeal disease in Nicaragua: results from a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 20: 527–533.
-
7.
Gorter AC, Sandiford P, Pauw J, Morales P, Pérez RM, Alberts H, 1998. Hygiene behaviour in rural Nicaragua in relation to diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol 27: 1090–1100.
-
8.
Semenza JC, Roberts L, Henderson A, Bogan J, Rubin CH, 1998. Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzebekistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 941–946.
-
9.
Zeitlin MF, Ahmed NU, Beiser AS, Zeitlin JA, Super CM, Guldan GS, 1995. Developmental, behavioural, and environmental risk factors for diarrhoea among rural Bangladeshi children of less than two years. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 13: 99–105.
-
10.
Hunter PR, Zmirou-Navier D, Hartemann P, 2009. Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 407: 2621–2624.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 888 | 595 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 438 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 223 | 12 | 1 |