Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kirwan P, Asaolu S, Molloy S, Abiona T, Jackson A, Holland C, 2009. Patterns of soil-transmitted helminth infection and impact of four-monthly albendazole treatments in preschool children from semi-urban communities in Nigeria: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial. BMC Infect Dis 9: 20.
-
2.
Chan M, 1997. The global burden of intestinal nematode infections—fifty years on. Parasitol Today 13: 438–443.
-
3.
Kirwan P, Asaolu SO, Abiona TC, Jackson AL, Smith HV, Holland CV, 2009. Soil-transmitted helminth infections in Nigerian children aged 0–25 months. J Helminthol 83: 261–266.
-
4.
Uneke C, Eze KO, Oyibo PG, Azu NC, Ali E, 2007. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection In School Children In South-Eastern Nigeria: The Public Health Implication. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine. Volume 4.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2002. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminths: report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 912.
-
6.
Hopkins D, Eigege S, Miri ES, Gontor I, Ogah G, Umaru J, Gwomkudu CD, Matha W, Jinadu MY, Amadiegwu S, Oyeneka OK, Korve K, Richards F, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis elimination and schistosomiasis control in combination with onchocerciasis control in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 266–272.
-
7.
Emukah E, Oshuoha E, Miri ES, Onyenama J, Amazigo U, Obijuru C, Osuji N, Ekeanyanwu J, Amadiegwu S, Korve K, Richards FO, 2004. A longitudinal study of impact of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in Imo State, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 556–561.
-
8.
Bleakley H, 2003. Diseases and development: evidence from the American South. J Eur Econ Assoc 1: 376–386.
-
9.
Stephenson L, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121: S23–S28.
-
10.
Crompton D, Nesheim MC, 2002. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 35–59.
-
11.
WHO, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO).
-
12.
Fox L, 2006. Ivermectin: uses and impact 20 years on. Curr Opin Inf Dis 19: 588–593.
-
13.
WHO Partners for Parasite Control. Useful information on schistosomiasis and STH.
-
14.
Belizario V, Amarillo ME, de Leon WU, de los Reyes AE, Bugayong MG, Macatangay BJ, 2003. A comparison of the efficacy of single doses of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine alone or in combinations against Ascaris and Trichuris spp. Bull World Health Organ 81: 35–42.
-
15.
Marti H, Haji HJ, Savioli L, Chwaya HM, Mgeni AF, Ameir JS, Hatz C, 1996. A comparative trial of a single-dose ivermectin versus three days of albendazole for treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis and other soil-transmitted helminth infections in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 477–481.
-
16.
Naquira C, Jimenez G, Guerra JG, Bernal R, Nalin DR, Neu D, Aziz M, 1989. Ivermectin for human strongyloidiasis and other intestinal helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40: 304–309.
-
17.
Richard-Lenoble D, Kombilia M, Rupp EA, Pappayliou ES, Gaxotte P, Nguiri C, Aziz MA, 1998. Ivermectin in loiasis and concomitant O. volvulus and M. perstans infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 480–483.
-
18.
Adenusi A, Oke AO, Adenusi AO, 2003. Comparison of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of uncomplicated human Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Afr J Biotechnol 2: 465–469.
-
19.
Whitworth J, Morgan D, Maude GH, McNichols AM, Taylor DW, 1991. A field study of the effects of ivermectin on intestinal helminths in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 232–234.
-
20.
Heukelbach J, Winter B, Wilcke T, Muehlen M, Albrecht S, Sales de Oliveira FA, Kerr-Pontes LRS, Liesenfeld O, Feldmeier H, 2004. Selective mass treatment with ivermectin to control intestinal helminthiases and parasitic skin diseases in a severely affected population. Bull World Health Organ 82: 563–571.
-
21.
Taticheff S, Kebede A, Bulto T, Werkeneh W, Tilahun D, 1994. Effect of ivermectin (Mectizan) on intestinal nematodes. Ethiop Med J 32: 7–15.
-
22.
Ranque S, Chippaux JP, Garcia A, Boussinesq M, 2001. Follow-up of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in children living in a community treated with ivermectin at 3-monthly intervals. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 389–393.
-
23.
Moncayo A, Vaca M, Amorim L, Rodriguez A, Erazo S, Oviedo G, Quinzo I, Padilla M, Chico M, Lovato R, Gomez E, Barreto ML, Cooper PJ, 2008. Impact of long-term treatment with ivermectin on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e293.
-
24.
2008. African programme for onchocerciasis control—report on task force meeting, July 2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 83: 301–312.
-
25.
Gemade E, Jiya JY, Nwoke BE, Ogunba EO, Edeghere H, Akoh JI, Omojola A, 1998. Human onchocerciasis: current assessment of the disease burden in Nigeria by rapid epidemiological mapping. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92: S79–S83.
-
26.
Peters P, El Alamy M, Warren KS, Mahmoud AA, 1980. Quick Kato smear for field quantitation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 217–219.
-
27.
WHO, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. WHO Technical Report Series 912.
-
28.
Keiser J, Utzinger J, 2008. Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 299: 1937–1948.
-
29.
Hall A, Horton S, de Silva N, 2009. The costs and cost-effectiveness of mass treatment for intestinal nematode worm infections using different treatment thresholds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e402.
-
30.
Montresor A, Gabrielli AF, Diarra A, Engels D, 2010. Estimation of the cost of large-scale school deworming programmes with benzimidazoles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 129–132.
-
31.
Oberhelman RA, Guerrero ES, Fernandez ML, Silio M, Mercado D, Comiskey N, Ihenacho G, Mera R, 1998. Correlations between intestinal parasitosis, physical growth, and psychomotor development among infants and children from rural Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 470–475.
-
32.
Moore SR, Lima AA, Conaway MR, Schorling JB, Soares AM, Guerrant RL, 2001. Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases associate with long-term linear growth faltering. Int J Epidemiol 30: 1457–1464.
-
33.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121: S23–S38.
-
34.
Albonico M, Allen H, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Gabrielli AF, Savioli L, 2008. Controlling soil-transmitted helminthiasis in pre-school-age children through preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e126.
-
35.
Stoltzfus R, Chway HM, Montresor A, Tielsch JM, Jape JK, Albonico M, Savioli L, 2004. Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. J Nutr 134: 348–356.
-
36.
Stoltzfus R, Kvalsvig JD, Chwaya HM, Montresor A, Albonico M, Tielsch JM, Savioli L, Pollitt E, 2001. Effects of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment on motor and language development of preschool children in Zanzibar: double blind, placebo controlled study. BMJ 323: 1389–1393.
-
37.
WHO, 2003. Report of the WHO informal consultation on the use of praziquantel during pregnancy/lactation and albendazole/mebendazole in children under 24 months. WHO: WHO/CDS/CPE/PVC/2002.4 2003.
-
38.
Sorensen E, Ismail M, Amarasinghe DK, Hettiarachchi I, De C, Dassenaieke TS, 1994. The effect of the availability of latrines on soil-transmitted nematode infections in the plantation sector in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 36–39.
-
39.
Nguyen P, Nguyen KC, Nguyen TD, Le MB, Bern C, Flores R, Martorell R, 2006. Intestinal helminth infections among reproductive age women in Vietnam prevalence, co-infection and risk factors. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37: 865–874.
-
40.
Yajima A, Jouquet P, Trung DD, Cam TD, Cong DT, Orange D, Montresor A, 2009. High latrine coverage is not reducing the prevalence of soil-transmitted in Hoa Binh province, Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 237–241.
-
41.
Asaolu S, Ofoezie IE, Odumuviwa PA, Sowemimo OA, Ogunniyi TA, 2002. Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in Ajebandele and Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 600–604.
-
42.
Chongsuvivatwong V, Pas-Ong S, McNeil D, Geater A, Duerawee M, 1996. Predictors for the risk of hookworm infection: experience from endemic villages in southern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 630–633.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 55 | 55 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 351 | 99 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 91 | 32 | 0 |
Effects of Annual Mass Treatment with Ivermectin for Onchocerciasis on the Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths
Julie Gutman
Julie Gutman
Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Emmanuel Emukah
Emmanuel Emukah
Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Njideka Okpala
Njideka Okpala
Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Chinyere Okoro
Chinyere Okoro
Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Andrew Obasi
Andrew Obasi
Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Emmanuel S. Miri
Emmanuel S. Miri
Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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Frank O. Richards Jr.
Frank O. Richards Jr.
Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Center, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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We evaluated the effect of annual ivermectin (IV) distribution for onchocerciasis on the prevalence of soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections in school-aged (SAC) and preschool-aged (PAC) children by comparing children in villages that had received treatment for 13 years to those from socioeconomically similar villages in untreated areas. We enrolled 1,031 SAC and 211 PAC for Kato Katz examinations. Treated areas had a lower prevalence of Ascaris (SAC: 3% versus 12%, P < 0.0001; PAC: 3% versus 10%, P < 0.051) and Trichuris (SAC: 6% versus 10%, P = 0.012; PAC: 1% versus 8%, P = 0.019), but not hookworm (SAC: 38% versus 42%, P = 0.20; PAC: 21% versus 27%, P = 0.30). The prevalence of Ascaris or Trichuris in treated areas was below the WHO threshold for mass antihelminthic treatment (MDA), but not for hookworm. We conclude that benzimidazole MDA in IV treatment areas is indicated to effectively control hookworm.
Author Notes
Financial support: We gratefully acknowledge the Izumi Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for their generous funding. Julie Gutman's salary was supported in part by PHS Grant UL1 RR025008 and KL2 RR025009 from the Clinical and Translational Science Award program, national Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources and a fellowship grant from the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society [PIDS].
Authors' addresses: Julie Gutman, Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, E-mail: gutmanjr@gmail.com. Emmanuel Emukah, Njideka Okpala, and Andrew Obasi, The Carter Center Southeast Programs, Nigeria, E-mails: emukahe@yahoo.com, talk2nj2003@yahoo.com, and andyobasi2@yahoo.com. Chinyere Okoro, Parasitology Unit, Microbiology Department, Federal Medical Center, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, E-mail: ihuarulam2002@yahoo.com. Emmanuel S. Miri, The Carter Center Nigeria, Jos, Nigeria, E-mail: emmamiri@yahoo.com. Frank O. Richards, Jr., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: frich01@emory.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kirwan P, Asaolu S, Molloy S, Abiona T, Jackson A, Holland C, 2009. Patterns of soil-transmitted helminth infection and impact of four-monthly albendazole treatments in preschool children from semi-urban communities in Nigeria: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial. BMC Infect Dis 9: 20.
-
2.
Chan M, 1997. The global burden of intestinal nematode infections—fifty years on. Parasitol Today 13: 438–443.
-
3.
Kirwan P, Asaolu SO, Abiona TC, Jackson AL, Smith HV, Holland CV, 2009. Soil-transmitted helminth infections in Nigerian children aged 0–25 months. J Helminthol 83: 261–266.
-
4.
Uneke C, Eze KO, Oyibo PG, Azu NC, Ali E, 2007. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection In School Children In South-Eastern Nigeria: The Public Health Implication. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine. Volume 4.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2002. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminths: report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 912.
-
6.
Hopkins D, Eigege S, Miri ES, Gontor I, Ogah G, Umaru J, Gwomkudu CD, Matha W, Jinadu MY, Amadiegwu S, Oyeneka OK, Korve K, Richards F, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis elimination and schistosomiasis control in combination with onchocerciasis control in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 266–272.
-
7.
Emukah E, Oshuoha E, Miri ES, Onyenama J, Amazigo U, Obijuru C, Osuji N, Ekeanyanwu J, Amadiegwu S, Korve K, Richards FO, 2004. A longitudinal study of impact of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in Imo State, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 556–561.
-
8.
Bleakley H, 2003. Diseases and development: evidence from the American South. J Eur Econ Assoc 1: 376–386.
-
9.
Stephenson L, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121: S23–S28.
-
10.
Crompton D, Nesheim MC, 2002. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 35–59.
-
11.
WHO, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO).
-
12.
Fox L, 2006. Ivermectin: uses and impact 20 years on. Curr Opin Inf Dis 19: 588–593.
-
13.
WHO Partners for Parasite Control. Useful information on schistosomiasis and STH.
-
14.
Belizario V, Amarillo ME, de Leon WU, de los Reyes AE, Bugayong MG, Macatangay BJ, 2003. A comparison of the efficacy of single doses of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine alone or in combinations against Ascaris and Trichuris spp. Bull World Health Organ 81: 35–42.
-
15.
Marti H, Haji HJ, Savioli L, Chwaya HM, Mgeni AF, Ameir JS, Hatz C, 1996. A comparative trial of a single-dose ivermectin versus three days of albendazole for treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis and other soil-transmitted helminth infections in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 477–481.
-
16.
Naquira C, Jimenez G, Guerra JG, Bernal R, Nalin DR, Neu D, Aziz M, 1989. Ivermectin for human strongyloidiasis and other intestinal helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40: 304–309.
-
17.
Richard-Lenoble D, Kombilia M, Rupp EA, Pappayliou ES, Gaxotte P, Nguiri C, Aziz MA, 1998. Ivermectin in loiasis and concomitant O. volvulus and M. perstans infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 480–483.
-
18.
Adenusi A, Oke AO, Adenusi AO, 2003. Comparison of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of uncomplicated human Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Afr J Biotechnol 2: 465–469.
-
19.
Whitworth J, Morgan D, Maude GH, McNichols AM, Taylor DW, 1991. A field study of the effects of ivermectin on intestinal helminths in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 232–234.
-
20.
Heukelbach J, Winter B, Wilcke T, Muehlen M, Albrecht S, Sales de Oliveira FA, Kerr-Pontes LRS, Liesenfeld O, Feldmeier H, 2004. Selective mass treatment with ivermectin to control intestinal helminthiases and parasitic skin diseases in a severely affected population. Bull World Health Organ 82: 563–571.
-
21.
Taticheff S, Kebede A, Bulto T, Werkeneh W, Tilahun D, 1994. Effect of ivermectin (Mectizan) on intestinal nematodes. Ethiop Med J 32: 7–15.
-
22.
Ranque S, Chippaux JP, Garcia A, Boussinesq M, 2001. Follow-up of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in children living in a community treated with ivermectin at 3-monthly intervals. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 389–393.
-
23.
Moncayo A, Vaca M, Amorim L, Rodriguez A, Erazo S, Oviedo G, Quinzo I, Padilla M, Chico M, Lovato R, Gomez E, Barreto ML, Cooper PJ, 2008. Impact of long-term treatment with ivermectin on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e293.
-
24.
2008. African programme for onchocerciasis control—report on task force meeting, July 2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 83: 301–312.
-
25.
Gemade E, Jiya JY, Nwoke BE, Ogunba EO, Edeghere H, Akoh JI, Omojola A, 1998. Human onchocerciasis: current assessment of the disease burden in Nigeria by rapid epidemiological mapping. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92: S79–S83.
-
26.
Peters P, El Alamy M, Warren KS, Mahmoud AA, 1980. Quick Kato smear for field quantitation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 217–219.
-
27.
WHO, 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. WHO Technical Report Series 912.
-
28.
Keiser J, Utzinger J, 2008. Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 299: 1937–1948.
-
29.
Hall A, Horton S, de Silva N, 2009. The costs and cost-effectiveness of mass treatment for intestinal nematode worm infections using different treatment thresholds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e402.
-
30.
Montresor A, Gabrielli AF, Diarra A, Engels D, 2010. Estimation of the cost of large-scale school deworming programmes with benzimidazoles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 129–132.
-
31.
Oberhelman RA, Guerrero ES, Fernandez ML, Silio M, Mercado D, Comiskey N, Ihenacho G, Mera R, 1998. Correlations between intestinal parasitosis, physical growth, and psychomotor development among infants and children from rural Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 470–475.
-
32.
Moore SR, Lima AA, Conaway MR, Schorling JB, Soares AM, Guerrant RL, 2001. Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases associate with long-term linear growth faltering. Int J Epidemiol 30: 1457–1464.
-
33.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121: S23–S38.
-
34.
Albonico M, Allen H, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Gabrielli AF, Savioli L, 2008. Controlling soil-transmitted helminthiasis in pre-school-age children through preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e126.
-
35.
Stoltzfus R, Chway HM, Montresor A, Tielsch JM, Jape JK, Albonico M, Savioli L, 2004. Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. J Nutr 134: 348–356.
-
36.
Stoltzfus R, Kvalsvig JD, Chwaya HM, Montresor A, Albonico M, Tielsch JM, Savioli L, Pollitt E, 2001. Effects of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment on motor and language development of preschool children in Zanzibar: double blind, placebo controlled study. BMJ 323: 1389–1393.
-
37.
WHO, 2003. Report of the WHO informal consultation on the use of praziquantel during pregnancy/lactation and albendazole/mebendazole in children under 24 months. WHO: WHO/CDS/CPE/PVC/2002.4 2003.
-
38.
Sorensen E, Ismail M, Amarasinghe DK, Hettiarachchi I, De C, Dassenaieke TS, 1994. The effect of the availability of latrines on soil-transmitted nematode infections in the plantation sector in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 36–39.
-
39.
Nguyen P, Nguyen KC, Nguyen TD, Le MB, Bern C, Flores R, Martorell R, 2006. Intestinal helminth infections among reproductive age women in Vietnam prevalence, co-infection and risk factors. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37: 865–874.
-
40.
Yajima A, Jouquet P, Trung DD, Cam TD, Cong DT, Orange D, Montresor A, 2009. High latrine coverage is not reducing the prevalence of soil-transmitted in Hoa Binh province, Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 237–241.
-
41.
Asaolu S, Ofoezie IE, Odumuviwa PA, Sowemimo OA, Ogunniyi TA, 2002. Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in Ajebandele and Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 600–604.
-
42.
Chongsuvivatwong V, Pas-Ong S, McNeil D, Geater A, Duerawee M, 1996. Predictors for the risk of hookworm infection: experience from endemic villages in southern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 630–633.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 55 | 55 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 351 | 99 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 91 | 32 | 0 |