Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dubey JP, Beattie CP, 1988. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–220.
-
2.
Montoya JG, Rosso F, 2005. Diagnosis and management of toxoplasmosis. Clin Perinatol 32: 705–726.
-
3.
Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM, 2000. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 30: 1217–1258.
-
4.
Thulliez PD, 2001. Maternal and foetal infection. In: Joynson DH, Wreghitt TG, eds. Toxoplasmosis. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 193–213.
-
5.
Remington J, McLeod R, Thulliez P, Desmonts G, 2001. Toxoplasmosis: a comprehensive clinical guide. Remington J, Klein JO, eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 5th edition, Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 205–346.
-
6.
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O, 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363: 1965–1976.
-
7.
Neto EC, Anele E, Rubim R, Brites A, Schulte J, Becker D, Tuuminen T, 2000. High prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil estimated in a 3-year prospective neonatal screening study. Int J Epidemiol 29: 941–947.
-
8.
Mozzatto L, Procianoy RS, 2003. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in southern Brazil: a prospective study. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45: 147–151.
-
9.
Neto EC, Rubin R, Schulte J, Giugliani R, 2004. Newborn screening for congenital infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1068–1073.
-
10.
Carvalheiro CG, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Yamamoto AY, De Souza CBS, Maciel LM, 2005. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis estimated by neonatal screening: relevance of diagnostic confirmation in asymptomatic newborn infants. Epidemiol Infect 133: 485–491.
-
11.
Lago EG, Neto EC, Melamed J, Rucks AP, Presotto C, Coelho JC, Parise C, Vargas PR, Goldbeck AS, Fiori RM, 2007. Congenital toxoplasmosis: late pregnancy infections detected by neonatal screening and maternal serological testing at delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 21: 525–531.
-
12.
Varella IS, Canti IC, Santos BR, Coppini AZ, Argondizzo LC, Tonin C, Wagner MB, 2009. Prevalence of acute toxoplasmosis infection among 41,112 pregnant women and the mother-to-child transmission rate in a public hospital in south Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104: 383–388.
-
13.
Nash JQ, Chissel S, Jones J, Warburton F, Verlander NQ, 2005. Risk factors for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Kent, United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 133: 475–483.
-
14.
Birgisdottir A, Asbjornsdottir H, Cook E, Gislason D, Jansson C, Olafsson I, Gislason T, Jogi R, Thjodleifsson B, 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Sweden, Estonia and Iceland. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 625–631.
-
15.
Dubey JP, Jones JL, 2008. Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. Int J Parasitol 38: 1257–1278.
-
16.
Rosso F, Les JT, Agudelo A, Villalobos C, Chaves JA, Tunubala GA, Messa A, Remington JS, Montoya JG, 2008. Prevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 504–508.
-
17.
Coelho RA, Kobayashi M, Carvalho LB Jr, 2003. Prevalence of IgG antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii among blood donors in Recife, northeast Brazil. Med Trop Sao Paulo 45: 229–231.
-
18.
Rey LC, Ramalho IL, 1999. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 41: 171–174.
-
19.
Varella IS, Wagner MB, Darela AC, Nunes LM, Muller RW, 2003. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. J Pediatr 79: 69–74.
-
20.
Avelino MM, Campos D Jr, Parada JB, Castro AM, 2004. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in women of childbearing age. Braz J Infect Dis 8: 164–174.
-
21.
Heukelbach J, Meyer-Cirkel V, Moura RC, Gomide M, Queiroz JA, Saweljew P, Liesenfeld O, 2007. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 287–289.
-
22.
Spalding SM, Amendoiera MR, Klein CH, Ribeiro LC, 2005. Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposures factors among pregnant women in south Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 38: 173–177.
-
23.
Barbosa IR, de Carvalho Xavier Holanda CM, de Andrade-Neto VF, 2009. Toxoplasmosis screening and risk factors amongst pregnant females in Natal, northeastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 377–382.
-
24.
Bahia-Oliveira LM, Jones JL, Azevedo-Silva J, Alves CC, Orefice F, Addiss DG, 2003. Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in north Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 55–62.
-
25.
de Amorim Garcia CA, Orefice F, de Oliveira Lyra C, Gomes AB, Franca M, de Amorim Garcia Filho CA, 2004. Socioeconomic conditions as determining factors in the prevalence of systemic and ocular toxoplasmosis in northeastern Brazil. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 11: 301–317.
-
26.
Hill D, Dubey JP, 2002. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 8: 634–640.
-
27.
Bahia-Oliveira LM, Wilken de Abreu AM, Azevedo-Silva J, 2001. Toxoplasmosis in southeastern Brazil: an alarming situation of highly endemic acquired and congenital infection. Int J Parasitol 31: 133–136.
-
28.
Cavalcante GT, Aguiar DM, Chiebao D, Dubey JP, Ruiz VL, Dias RA, Camargo LM, Labruna MB, Gennari SM, 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in humans from rural Western Amazon, Brazil. J Parasitol 92: 647–649.
-
29.
Velasco-Castrejon O, Salvatierra-Izaba B, Valdespino JL, Sedano-Lara AM, Galindo-Virgen S, Magos C, Llausas A, Tapia-Conyer R, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34: 222–229.
-
30.
Segundo GR, Silva DA, Mineo JR, Ferreira MS, 2004. A comparative study of congenital toxoplasmosis between public and private hospitals from Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 13–17.
-
31.
de Moura L, Bahia-Oliveira LM, Wada MY, Jones JL, Tuboi SH, Carmo EH, Ramalho WM, Camargo NJ, Trevisan R, Graca RM, da Silva AJ, Moura I, Dubey JP, Garrett DO, 2006. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 326–329.
-
32.
Dubey JP, 1998. Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. J Parasitol 84: 862–865.
-
33.
Etheredge GD, Michael G, Muehlenbein MP, Frenkel JK, 2006. The roles of cats and dogs in the transmission of Toxoplasma infection in Kuna and Embera children in eastern Panama. Rev Panam Salud Publica 16: 176–186.
-
34.
Cavalcante GT, Aguilar DM, Camargo LM, Labruna MB, de Andrade HF, Meireles LR, Dubey JP, Thulliez P, Dias RA, Gennari SM, 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats and pigs from rural Western Amazon, Brazil. J Parasitol 92: 863–864.
-
35.
Meireles LR, Galisteo AJ Jr, Pompeu E, Andrade HFJ, 2004. Toxoplasma gondii spreading in an urban area evaluated by seroprevalence in free-living cats and dogs. Trop Med Int Health 9: 876–881.
-
36.
Ambroise-Thomas P, Petersen E, 2000. Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Scientific Background, Clinical Management and Control. Paris: Springer-Verlag.
-
37.
Newton LH, Hall SM, 1995. A survey of health education material for the primary prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 5: 21–27.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 756 | 565 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 590 | 5 | 0 |
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasmosis among Pregnant Women in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil
Susann Sroka
Susann Sroka
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Nina Bartelheimer
Nina Bartelheimer
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Andreas Winter
Andreas Winter
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Jörg Heukelbach
Jörg Heukelbach
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Liana Ariza
Liana Ariza
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Heliane Ribeiro
Heliane Ribeiro
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Fabíola Araujo Oliveira
Fabíola Araujo Oliveira
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Ajax Jose Nogueira Queiroz
Ajax Jose Nogueira Queiroz
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Carlos Alencar Jr.
Carlos Alencar Jr.
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Oliver Liesenfeld
Oliver Liesenfeld
Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Community Health, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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We determined the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors among 963 pregnant women attending an obstetric hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil. Seroprevalences of IgG and IgM against T. gondii were 68.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 65.6–71.6%) and 0.5% (95% CI = 0.06–1.0%), respectively. Seroprevalence of IgG was high in women less than 25 years of age (91.7%) and in low-income women (odds Ratio [OR] = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02–1.90). Multivariate regression analysis showed that consumption of homemade water ice (adjusted OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.09–2.04), vegetables washed with untreated water (adjusted OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.05–1.94), consumption of chicken (adjusted OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.12–2.0), and dog ownership (adjusted OR= 1.46, 95% CI = 1.07–1.98) were factors associated with IgG seropositivity. Young women in northeastern Brazil living under poor socioeconomic conditions are at highest risk for acquiring infection with T. gondii. Oocyst contamination of water and soil must be addressed in future prevention strategies.
Author Notes
Financial support: Jörg Heukelbach is research fellow from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Brazil. Susann Sroka, Nina Bartelheimer, and Andreas Winter were supported by grants from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst Integrated Projects in University Co-operation between Brazil and Germany academic exchange program.
Authors' addresses: Susann Sroka, Nina Bartelheimer, Andreas Winter, and Oliver Liesenfeld, Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany. Jörg Heukelbach, Liana Ariza and Fabíola Araujo Oliveira, Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Prof. Costa Mendes, Fortaleza, Brazil. Heliane Ribeiro, Laboratório Central do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, Fortaleza, Brazil. Ajax José Nogueira Queiroz, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado S/N, Fortaleza, Brazil. Carlos Alencar Jr, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand, Rua Cel Nunes de Melo S/N, Fortaleza, Brazil.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dubey JP, Beattie CP, 1988. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–220.
-
2.
Montoya JG, Rosso F, 2005. Diagnosis and management of toxoplasmosis. Clin Perinatol 32: 705–726.
-
3.
Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM, 2000. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 30: 1217–1258.
-
4.
Thulliez PD, 2001. Maternal and foetal infection. In: Joynson DH, Wreghitt TG, eds. Toxoplasmosis. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 193–213.
-
5.
Remington J, McLeod R, Thulliez P, Desmonts G, 2001. Toxoplasmosis: a comprehensive clinical guide. Remington J, Klein JO, eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 5th edition, Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 205–346.
-
6.
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O, 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363: 1965–1976.
-
7.
Neto EC, Anele E, Rubim R, Brites A, Schulte J, Becker D, Tuuminen T, 2000. High prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil estimated in a 3-year prospective neonatal screening study. Int J Epidemiol 29: 941–947.
-
8.
Mozzatto L, Procianoy RS, 2003. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in southern Brazil: a prospective study. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45: 147–151.
-
9.
Neto EC, Rubin R, Schulte J, Giugliani R, 2004. Newborn screening for congenital infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1068–1073.
-
10.
Carvalheiro CG, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Yamamoto AY, De Souza CBS, Maciel LM, 2005. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis estimated by neonatal screening: relevance of diagnostic confirmation in asymptomatic newborn infants. Epidemiol Infect 133: 485–491.
-
11.
Lago EG, Neto EC, Melamed J, Rucks AP, Presotto C, Coelho JC, Parise C, Vargas PR, Goldbeck AS, Fiori RM, 2007. Congenital toxoplasmosis: late pregnancy infections detected by neonatal screening and maternal serological testing at delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 21: 525–531.
-
12.
Varella IS, Canti IC, Santos BR, Coppini AZ, Argondizzo LC, Tonin C, Wagner MB, 2009. Prevalence of acute toxoplasmosis infection among 41,112 pregnant women and the mother-to-child transmission rate in a public hospital in south Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104: 383–388.
-
13.
Nash JQ, Chissel S, Jones J, Warburton F, Verlander NQ, 2005. Risk factors for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Kent, United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 133: 475–483.
-
14.
Birgisdottir A, Asbjornsdottir H, Cook E, Gislason D, Jansson C, Olafsson I, Gislason T, Jogi R, Thjodleifsson B, 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Sweden, Estonia and Iceland. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 625–631.
-
15.
Dubey JP, Jones JL, 2008. Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. Int J Parasitol 38: 1257–1278.
-
16.
Rosso F, Les JT, Agudelo A, Villalobos C, Chaves JA, Tunubala GA, Messa A, Remington JS, Montoya JG, 2008. Prevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 504–508.
-
17.
Coelho RA, Kobayashi M, Carvalho LB Jr, 2003. Prevalence of IgG antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii among blood donors in Recife, northeast Brazil. Med Trop Sao Paulo 45: 229–231.
-
18.
Rey LC, Ramalho IL, 1999. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 41: 171–174.
-
19.
Varella IS, Wagner MB, Darela AC, Nunes LM, Muller RW, 2003. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. J Pediatr 79: 69–74.
-
20.
Avelino MM, Campos D Jr, Parada JB, Castro AM, 2004. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in women of childbearing age. Braz J Infect Dis 8: 164–174.
-
21.
Heukelbach J, Meyer-Cirkel V, Moura RC, Gomide M, Queiroz JA, Saweljew P, Liesenfeld O, 2007. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 287–289.
-
22.
Spalding SM, Amendoiera MR, Klein CH, Ribeiro LC, 2005. Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposures factors among pregnant women in south Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 38: 173–177.
-
23.
Barbosa IR, de Carvalho Xavier Holanda CM, de Andrade-Neto VF, 2009. Toxoplasmosis screening and risk factors amongst pregnant females in Natal, northeastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 377–382.
-
24.
Bahia-Oliveira LM, Jones JL, Azevedo-Silva J, Alves CC, Orefice F, Addiss DG, 2003. Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in north Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 55–62.
-
25.
de Amorim Garcia CA, Orefice F, de Oliveira Lyra C, Gomes AB, Franca M, de Amorim Garcia Filho CA, 2004. Socioeconomic conditions as determining factors in the prevalence of systemic and ocular toxoplasmosis in northeastern Brazil. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 11: 301–317.
-
26.
Hill D, Dubey JP, 2002. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 8: 634–640.
-
27.
Bahia-Oliveira LM, Wilken de Abreu AM, Azevedo-Silva J, 2001. Toxoplasmosis in southeastern Brazil: an alarming situation of highly endemic acquired and congenital infection. Int J Parasitol 31: 133–136.
-
28.
Cavalcante GT, Aguiar DM, Chiebao D, Dubey JP, Ruiz VL, Dias RA, Camargo LM, Labruna MB, Gennari SM, 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in humans from rural Western Amazon, Brazil. J Parasitol 92: 647–649.
-
29.
Velasco-Castrejon O, Salvatierra-Izaba B, Valdespino JL, Sedano-Lara AM, Galindo-Virgen S, Magos C, Llausas A, Tapia-Conyer R, Gutierrez G, Sepulveda J, 1992. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 34: 222–229.
-
30.
Segundo GR, Silva DA, Mineo JR, Ferreira MS, 2004. A comparative study of congenital toxoplasmosis between public and private hospitals from Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 13–17.
-
31.
de Moura L, Bahia-Oliveira LM, Wada MY, Jones JL, Tuboi SH, Carmo EH, Ramalho WM, Camargo NJ, Trevisan R, Graca RM, da Silva AJ, Moura I, Dubey JP, Garrett DO, 2006. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 326–329.
-
32.
Dubey JP, 1998. Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. J Parasitol 84: 862–865.
-
33.
Etheredge GD, Michael G, Muehlenbein MP, Frenkel JK, 2006. The roles of cats and dogs in the transmission of Toxoplasma infection in Kuna and Embera children in eastern Panama. Rev Panam Salud Publica 16: 176–186.
-
34.
Cavalcante GT, Aguilar DM, Camargo LM, Labruna MB, de Andrade HF, Meireles LR, Dubey JP, Thulliez P, Dias RA, Gennari SM, 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats and pigs from rural Western Amazon, Brazil. J Parasitol 92: 863–864.
-
35.
Meireles LR, Galisteo AJ Jr, Pompeu E, Andrade HFJ, 2004. Toxoplasma gondii spreading in an urban area evaluated by seroprevalence in free-living cats and dogs. Trop Med Int Health 9: 876–881.
-
36.
Ambroise-Thomas P, Petersen E, 2000. Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Scientific Background, Clinical Management and Control. Paris: Springer-Verlag.
-
37.
Newton LH, Hall SM, 1995. A survey of health education material for the primary prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 5: 21–27.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 756 | 565 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 590 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 222 | 8 | 0 |