Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Semba RD, 1998. The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutr Rev 56: 38S–48S.
-
2.
Gerster H, 1997. Vitamin A functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67: 71–90.
-
3.
Djakoure C, Guibourdenche J, Porquet D, Pagesy P, Peillon F, Li JY, Evain-Brion D, 1996. Vitamin A and retinoic acid stimulate within minutes Camp release and growth hormone secretion in human pituitary cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3123–3126.
-
4.
McCollum EV, Simmonds N, 1917. A biological analysis of pellagra producing diets; the minimum requirements of two unidentified dietary factors for maintenance as contrasted with growth. J Biol Chem 32: 181–193.
-
5.
UNICEF, 2007. Vitamin A Supplementation, A Decade of Progress. New York: United Nations Children's Fund.
-
6.
Janabhai CC, Taylor M, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM, 2001. A health and nutritional profile of rural school children in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 21: 50–56.
-
7.
Kassaye T, Receveur O, Johns T, Becklake MR, 2001. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6–9 years in Wukro, northern Ethiopia. Bull World Health Organ 79: 415–422.
-
8.
Muniz-Junqueira MI, Queiroz EO, 2002. Relationship between protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin A and parasitoses in children living in Brasilia, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 35: 133–141.
-
9.
Gorstein J, Shreshtra RK, Pandey S, Adhikari RK, Pradhan A, 2003. Current status of vitamin A deficiency and the National Vitamin A Control Program in Nepal: results of the 1998 National Micronutrient Status Survey. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12: 96–103.
-
10.
Mai TT, Hung NK, Kawakami M, Kawase M, Chuyen NV, 2003. Micronutrient status of primary school girls in rural and urban areas of South Vietnam. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12: 178–185.
-
11.
Sommer A, Katz J, Tarwotjo I, 1984. Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 40: 1090–1095.
-
12.
Kandrait DW, Vasudeo ND, Zodpey SP, Kumbhalkar DT, 2000. Risk factors for subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children under the age of 6 years. J Trop Pediatr 46: 239–241.
-
13.
Kozakova H, Hanson LA, Stepankova R, Kahu H, Dahlgren UI, Wiedermann U, 2003. Vitamin A deficiency leads to severe functional disturbance of the intestinal epithelium enzymes associated with diarrhea and increased bacterial translocation in gnotobiotic rats. Microbes Infect 5: 405–411.
-
14.
Mahalanabis D, Simpson TW, Bhattacharjee AK, 1979. Malabsorption of water miscible vitamin A in children with giardiasis and ascariasis. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 313–318.
-
15.
Curtale F, Pokhrel RP, Tilden RL, Higashi G, 1995. Intestinal helminthes and xerophthalmia in Nepal. A case-control study. J Trop Pediatr 41: 334–337.
-
16.
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Azlin M, Nor Aini U, Shaik A, Sa'iah A, Fatmah MS, Ismail MG, Ahmad Firdaus MS, Aisah MY, Rozlida AR, Norhayati M, 2007. Prevalence and predictors of low serum retinol and hypoalbuminaemia among children in rural Peninsular Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 1233–1240.
-
17.
Martin LK, Beaver PC, 1968. Evaluation of Kato thick smears technique for quantitative diagnosis of helminth infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17: 382–391.
-
18.
Jozefzoon LM, Oostburg BF, 1994. Detection of hookworm and hookworm-like larvae in human fecocultures in Suriname. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 501–505.
-
19.
World Health Organization, 2002. The prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Geneva. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912: 1–57.
-
20.
Bieri JG, Tolliver TJ, Catignani GL, 1979. Simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol and retinol in plasma or red cells by high pressure liquid chromatography. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 2143–2149.
-
21.
Thurnham DI, McCabe GP, Northrop-Clewes CA, Nestel P, 2003. Effect of subclinical infection on plasma retinol concentrations and assessment of prevalence of vitamin A deficiency: meta-analysis. Lancet 362: 2052–2058.
-
22.
World Health Organization, 2000. Nutrition for Health and Development: A Global Agenda for Combating Malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23.
de Pee SD, Dary O, 2002. Biochemical indicators of vitamin A deficiency: serum retinol and serum retinol binding protein. J Nutr 132: 2895S–2901S.
-
24.
Bendel RB, Afifi AA, 1977. Comparison of stopping rules in forward regression. J Am Stat Assoc 72: 46–53.
-
25.
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Atiya AS, Lim YAL, Mahdy AK, Ariffin WA, Abdullah CH, Surin J, 2007. An unceasing problem: soil-transmitted helminthiases in rural Malaysian communities. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 38: 998–1007.
-
26.
Ngah NF, Norhayati M, Noor HM, Selvaraj S, Shahrom MD, Halimah A, Zainal AA, Rohani A, 2002. Ocular manifestation of vitamin A deficiency among Orang Asli (Aborigine) children in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 11: 88–91.
-
27.
Hadi H, Stoltzfus RJ, Dibley MJ, Moulton LH, West KP, Kjolhede CL, Sadjimin T, 2000. Vitamin A supplementation selectively improves the linear growth of Indonesian preschool children: results from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 507–513.
-
28.
Friis H, Mwaniki D, Omondi B, Muniu E, Magnussen P, Geissler W, Thiong'o F, Michaelsen KF, 1997. Serum retinol concentrations and Scistosoma mansoni, intestinal helminthes and malarial parasitaemia: a cross-sectional study in Kenyan preschool and primary school children. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 665–671.
-
29.
Oelofse A, Faber M, Benade JG, Benade AJ, Kenoyer DG, 1999. The nutritional status of a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: the Ndunakazi project. Cent Afr J Med 45: 14–19.
-
30.
Samba C, Tchibindat F, Houze P, Gourmel B, Malvy D, 2006. Prevalence of infant vitamin A deficiency and undernutrition in the Republic of Congo. Acta Trop 97: 270–283.
-
31.
Chavalittamrong B, Suntornpoch V, Siddhikol C, 1980. Vitamin A concentration in children with giardiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 11: 245–249.
-
32.
Quihui-Cota L, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Valencia ME, Morales-Figueroa GG, Lopez-Mata MA, Vazquez Ortiz F, 2008. Impact of Giardia intestinalis on vitamin A status in schoolchildren from northwest Mexico. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 78: 51–56.
-
33.
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Azlin M, Nor Aini U, Shaik A, Sa'iah A, Fatmah MS, Ismail MG, Ahmad Firdaus MS, Aisah MY, Rozlida AR, Norhayati M, 2005. Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 686–691.
-
34.
Girard C, Dereure O, Blatiere V, Guillot B, Bessis D, 2006. Vitamin A deficiency phrynoderma associated with chronic giardiasis. Pediatr Dermatol 23: 346–349.
-
35.
Ahmed F, Mohiduzzaman M, Jackson AA, 1993. Vitamin A absorption in children with ascariasis. Br J Nutr 69: 817–825.
-
36.
Hollm-Delgado MG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Black RE, Checkley W, 2008. Lack of an adverse effect of Giardia intestinalis infection on the health of Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 168: 647–655.
-
37.
Lunn PG, Erinoso HO, Northrop-Clewes CA, Boyce SA, 1999. Giardia intestinalis is unlikely to be a major cause of the poor growth of rural Gambian infants. J Nutr 129: 872–877.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 623 | 493 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 301 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 132 | 10 | 0 |
Giardiasis and Poor Vitamin A Status among Aboriginal School Children in Rural Malaysia
Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
Department of Parasitology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana'a, Sana'a, Yemen
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Johari Surin
Johari Surin
Department of Parasitology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana'a, Sana'a, Yemen
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Atiya A. Sallam
Atiya A. Sallam
Department of Parasitology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana'a, Sana'a, Yemen
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Ariffin W. Abdullah
Ariffin W. Abdullah
Department of Parasitology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana'a, Sana'a, Yemen
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Mohammed A. K. Mahdy
Mohammed A. K. Mahdy
Department of Parasitology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana'a, Sana'a, Yemen
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A cross-sectional study was carried out on 241 primary schoolchildren in Pahang, Malaysia to update their vitamin A status and to investigate the association of poor vitamin A status with their health and socioeconomic factors. All children were screened for intestinal parasitic infections. Blood samples were collected and vitamin A status was assessed. Socioeconomic data were collected by using pre-tested questionnaires. The results showed that 66 (27.4%) children had low serum retinol levels (< 0.70 μmol/L). Giardiasis and severe ascariasis were significantly associated with low serum retinol levels (P = 0.004 and P = 0.018, respectively). Logistic regression confirmed the significant association of giardiasis with low serum retinol (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.3–5.5). In conclusion, vitamin A deficiency is still a public health problem in rural Malaysia. Vitamin A supplementation and treatment of intestinal parasitic infections should be distributed periodically to these children to improve their health and nutritional status.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by research grants from the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (research code PS178/2007B).
Authors' addresses: Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Johari Surin, and Mohammed A. K. Mahdy, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mails: halmekhlafi@yahoo.com, joharisurin@um.edu.my, and alsharaby9@yahoo.com. Atiya A. Sallam, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mail: atiya.absallam@gmail.com. Ariffin W. Abdullah, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mail: wanariff@ummc.edu.my.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Semba RD, 1998. The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutr Rev 56: 38S–48S.
-
2.
Gerster H, 1997. Vitamin A functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67: 71–90.
-
3.
Djakoure C, Guibourdenche J, Porquet D, Pagesy P, Peillon F, Li JY, Evain-Brion D, 1996. Vitamin A and retinoic acid stimulate within minutes Camp release and growth hormone secretion in human pituitary cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3123–3126.
-
4.
McCollum EV, Simmonds N, 1917. A biological analysis of pellagra producing diets; the minimum requirements of two unidentified dietary factors for maintenance as contrasted with growth. J Biol Chem 32: 181–193.
-
5.
UNICEF, 2007. Vitamin A Supplementation, A Decade of Progress. New York: United Nations Children's Fund.
-
6.
Janabhai CC, Taylor M, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM, 2001. A health and nutritional profile of rural school children in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 21: 50–56.
-
7.
Kassaye T, Receveur O, Johns T, Becklake MR, 2001. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6–9 years in Wukro, northern Ethiopia. Bull World Health Organ 79: 415–422.
-
8.
Muniz-Junqueira MI, Queiroz EO, 2002. Relationship between protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin A and parasitoses in children living in Brasilia, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 35: 133–141.
-
9.
Gorstein J, Shreshtra RK, Pandey S, Adhikari RK, Pradhan A, 2003. Current status of vitamin A deficiency and the National Vitamin A Control Program in Nepal: results of the 1998 National Micronutrient Status Survey. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12: 96–103.
-
10.
Mai TT, Hung NK, Kawakami M, Kawase M, Chuyen NV, 2003. Micronutrient status of primary school girls in rural and urban areas of South Vietnam. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12: 178–185.
-
11.
Sommer A, Katz J, Tarwotjo I, 1984. Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 40: 1090–1095.
-
12.
Kandrait DW, Vasudeo ND, Zodpey SP, Kumbhalkar DT, 2000. Risk factors for subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children under the age of 6 years. J Trop Pediatr 46: 239–241.
-
13.
Kozakova H, Hanson LA, Stepankova R, Kahu H, Dahlgren UI, Wiedermann U, 2003. Vitamin A deficiency leads to severe functional disturbance of the intestinal epithelium enzymes associated with diarrhea and increased bacterial translocation in gnotobiotic rats. Microbes Infect 5: 405–411.
-
14.
Mahalanabis D, Simpson TW, Bhattacharjee AK, 1979. Malabsorption of water miscible vitamin A in children with giardiasis and ascariasis. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 313–318.
-
15.
Curtale F, Pokhrel RP, Tilden RL, Higashi G, 1995. Intestinal helminthes and xerophthalmia in Nepal. A case-control study. J Trop Pediatr 41: 334–337.
-
16.
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Azlin M, Nor Aini U, Shaik A, Sa'iah A, Fatmah MS, Ismail MG, Ahmad Firdaus MS, Aisah MY, Rozlida AR, Norhayati M, 2007. Prevalence and predictors of low serum retinol and hypoalbuminaemia among children in rural Peninsular Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 1233–1240.
-
17.
Martin LK, Beaver PC, 1968. Evaluation of Kato thick smears technique for quantitative diagnosis of helminth infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17: 382–391.
-
18.
Jozefzoon LM, Oostburg BF, 1994. Detection of hookworm and hookworm-like larvae in human fecocultures in Suriname. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 501–505.
-
19.
World Health Organization, 2002. The prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Geneva. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912: 1–57.
-
20.
Bieri JG, Tolliver TJ, Catignani GL, 1979. Simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol and retinol in plasma or red cells by high pressure liquid chromatography. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 2143–2149.
-
21.
Thurnham DI, McCabe GP, Northrop-Clewes CA, Nestel P, 2003. Effect of subclinical infection on plasma retinol concentrations and assessment of prevalence of vitamin A deficiency: meta-analysis. Lancet 362: 2052–2058.
-
22.
World Health Organization, 2000. Nutrition for Health and Development: A Global Agenda for Combating Malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23.
de Pee SD, Dary O, 2002. Biochemical indicators of vitamin A deficiency: serum retinol and serum retinol binding protein. J Nutr 132: 2895S–2901S.
-
24.
Bendel RB, Afifi AA, 1977. Comparison of stopping rules in forward regression. J Am Stat Assoc 72: 46–53.
-
25.
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Atiya AS, Lim YAL, Mahdy AK, Ariffin WA, Abdullah CH, Surin J, 2007. An unceasing problem: soil-transmitted helminthiases in rural Malaysian communities. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 38: 998–1007.
-
26.
Ngah NF, Norhayati M, Noor HM, Selvaraj S, Shahrom MD, Halimah A, Zainal AA, Rohani A, 2002. Ocular manifestation of vitamin A deficiency among Orang Asli (Aborigine) children in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 11: 88–91.
-
27.
Hadi H, Stoltzfus RJ, Dibley MJ, Moulton LH, West KP, Kjolhede CL, Sadjimin T, 2000. Vitamin A supplementation selectively improves the linear growth of Indonesian preschool children: results from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 507–513.
-
28.
Friis H, Mwaniki D, Omondi B, Muniu E, Magnussen P, Geissler W, Thiong'o F, Michaelsen KF, 1997. Serum retinol concentrations and Scistosoma mansoni, intestinal helminthes and malarial parasitaemia: a cross-sectional study in Kenyan preschool and primary school children. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 665–671.
-
29.
Oelofse A, Faber M, Benade JG, Benade AJ, Kenoyer DG, 1999. The nutritional status of a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: the Ndunakazi project. Cent Afr J Med 45: 14–19.
-
30.
Samba C, Tchibindat F, Houze P, Gourmel B, Malvy D, 2006. Prevalence of infant vitamin A deficiency and undernutrition in the Republic of Congo. Acta Trop 97: 270–283.
-
31.
Chavalittamrong B, Suntornpoch V, Siddhikol C, 1980. Vitamin A concentration in children with giardiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 11: 245–249.
-
32.
Quihui-Cota L, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Valencia ME, Morales-Figueroa GG, Lopez-Mata MA, Vazquez Ortiz F, 2008. Impact of Giardia intestinalis on vitamin A status in schoolchildren from northwest Mexico. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 78: 51–56.
-
33.
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Azlin M, Nor Aini U, Shaik A, Sa'iah A, Fatmah MS, Ismail MG, Ahmad Firdaus MS, Aisah MY, Rozlida AR, Norhayati M, 2005. Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 686–691.
-
34.
Girard C, Dereure O, Blatiere V, Guillot B, Bessis D, 2006. Vitamin A deficiency phrynoderma associated with chronic giardiasis. Pediatr Dermatol 23: 346–349.
-
35.
Ahmed F, Mohiduzzaman M, Jackson AA, 1993. Vitamin A absorption in children with ascariasis. Br J Nutr 69: 817–825.
-
36.
Hollm-Delgado MG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Black RE, Checkley W, 2008. Lack of an adverse effect of Giardia intestinalis infection on the health of Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 168: 647–655.
-
37.
Lunn PG, Erinoso HO, Northrop-Clewes CA, Boyce SA, 1999. Giardia intestinalis is unlikely to be a major cause of the poor growth of rural Gambian infants. J Nutr 129: 872–877.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 623 | 493 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 301 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 132 | 10 | 0 |