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-
1.
World Health Organization, 2005. Regional Technical Advisory Group on Kala-azar Elimination. Report of the first meeting, Manesar, Haryana, 20–23 December 2004. New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2004. Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005–2015). New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
3.
Bern C, Chowdhury R, 2006. The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control. Indian J Med Res 23: 275–288.
-
4.
Joshi A, Narain JP, Prasittisuk C, Bhati R, Hashim G, Jorge A, Banjara M, Kroeger A, 2008. Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia? J Vector Borne Dis 45: 105–111.
-
5.
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14: 417–423.
-
6.
Singh SP, Reddy DC, Rai M, Sundar S, 2006. Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health 11: 899–905.
-
7.
Bhattacharya SK, Sinha PK, Sundar S, Thakur CP, Jha TK, Pandey K, Das VR, Kumar N, Lal C, Verma N, Singh VP, Ranjan A, Verma RB, Anders G, Sindermann H, Ganguly NK, 2007. Phase 4 trial of miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 196: 591–598.
-
8.
Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, Bhattacharya SK, Rai M, 2006. Oral miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 (Suppl 1): S26–S33.
-
9.
Sundar S, Chartterjee M, 2006. Visceral leishmaniasis–therapeutic modilities. Indian J Med Res 9: 26–39.
-
10.
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351: 563–565.
-
11.
Sundar S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic striptest detection of anti-rK39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 19–23.
-
12.
Sarker CB, Momem A, Jamal MF, Siddiqui NF, Chrowdhury KS, Rahman S, Talukder SI, 2003. Immunochromatographic (rK39) strip test in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med J 12: 93–97.
-
13.
Bern C, Jha SN, Joshi AB, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 153–157.
-
14.
World Health Organization, 2007. Regional Technical Advisory Group on kala-azar elimination. Report of the Second Meeting, Kathmandu, Nepal, 20 October–2 November 2006. New Delhi: WHO SEARO, WHO Project: CCP CPC 050.
-
15.
Sundar S, Mondal D, Rijal S, Bhattacharya S, Ghalib H, Kroeger A, Boelacrt M, Desjeux P, Richter-Airijoki H, Harms G, 2008. Implementation research to support the initiative on the elimination of kala-azar from Bangladesh, India and Nepal–the challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Trop Med Int Health 13: 2–5.
-
16.
Mondal D, Singh SP, Kumar N, Joshi A, Sundar S, Das P, Siddivinayak H, Kroeger A, Boelaert M, 2009. Visceral leishmaniasis elimination program in India, Bangladesh and Nepal: reshaping the case finding/case management strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e355.
-
17.
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M, 2006. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rk39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ 333: 723–726.
-
18.
Wilson JM, Juenger G, 1968. Principles and practice of screening for disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, Public Health Papers No. 34.
-
19.
World Health Organization, 2003. Leprosy elimination campaigns: impact on case detection. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78: 9–16.
-
20.
Napier LE, Das Gupta CR, 1930. A clinical study of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Ind Med Gaz 63: 249–257.
-
21.
Thakur CP, 1984. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of Bihar kala-azar (including post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78: 391–398.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Effectiveness and Feasibility of Active and Passive Case Detection in the Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination Initiative in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal
Siddhivinayak Hirve
Siddhivinayak Hirve
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shri Prakash Singh
Shri Prakash Singh
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Narendra Kumar
Narendra Kumar
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Megha Raj Banjara
Megha Raj Banjara
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Pradeep Das
Pradeep Das
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shyam Sundar
Shyam Sundar
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Suman Rijal
Suman Rijal
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Anand Joshi
Anand Joshi
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Axel Kroeger
Axel Kroeger
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Beena Varghese
Beena Varghese
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur
Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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M. Mamun Huda
M. Mamun Huda
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Dinesh Mondal
Dinesh Mondal
KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India; International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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This study analyzed the effectiveness of active case detection (ACD) for new visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. ACD detection was carried out using house to house screening in Bangladesh and India and by neighborhood screening around index cases in Nepal. The percent increase of new VL cases through ACD compared to PCD was 6.7–17.1% in India; 38.8% in Nepal; and 60% in Bangladesh. The screening effort was high in India and Bangladesh (house to house screening) compared to Nepal (index case screening). The additional cost per new VL case detected varied: $50 to $106 in India; $172 in Bangladesh; $262 in Nepal depending on the type of screening staff, transport and training costs. The estimated annual VL incidence in the ACD arm ranged from 315–383 in India; 109 in Bangladesh, and 43 per 100,000 in Nepal. The additional effort and cost rises as disease incidence declines or PCD improves.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Siddhivinayak Hirve, Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 India, E-mail: sidbela@vsnl.com. Shri Prakash Singh, Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India, E-mail: drspsingh_vns@yahoo.com. Narendra Kumar, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India, E-mail: narendra54in@yahoo.co.in. Megha Raj Banjara, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, E-mail: megharajbanjara@yahoo.com. Pradeep Das, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India, E-mail: drpradeep.das@gmail.com. Shyam Sundar, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Benares Hindu University, Varanasi, India, E-mail: drshyamsundar@hotmail.com. Suman Rijal, Department of Internal Medicine, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, E-mail: sumanrijal2@yahoo.com. Anand Joshi, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, E-mail: abjoshi2018@yahoo.com. Axel Kroeger, World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, and School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, E-mail: kroegera@who.int. Beena Varghese, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India, E-mail: dr_b_varghese@yahoo.co.in. Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur, Balaji Utthan Sanstha, Patna, India, E-mail: cpthakur1@rediffmail.com. M. Mamun Huda, Parasitology, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh, E-mail: mhuda83@icddrb.org. Dinesh Mondal, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh, E-mail: din63d@icddrb.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2005. Regional Technical Advisory Group on Kala-azar Elimination. Report of the first meeting, Manesar, Haryana, 20–23 December 2004. New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2004. Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005–2015). New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
3.
Bern C, Chowdhury R, 2006. The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control. Indian J Med Res 23: 275–288.
-
4.
Joshi A, Narain JP, Prasittisuk C, Bhati R, Hashim G, Jorge A, Banjara M, Kroeger A, 2008. Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia? J Vector Borne Dis 45: 105–111.
-
5.
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14: 417–423.
-
6.
Singh SP, Reddy DC, Rai M, Sundar S, 2006. Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health 11: 899–905.
-
7.
Bhattacharya SK, Sinha PK, Sundar S, Thakur CP, Jha TK, Pandey K, Das VR, Kumar N, Lal C, Verma N, Singh VP, Ranjan A, Verma RB, Anders G, Sindermann H, Ganguly NK, 2007. Phase 4 trial of miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 196: 591–598.
-
8.
Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, Bhattacharya SK, Rai M, 2006. Oral miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 (Suppl 1): S26–S33.
-
9.
Sundar S, Chartterjee M, 2006. Visceral leishmaniasis–therapeutic modilities. Indian J Med Res 9: 26–39.
-
10.
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351: 563–565.
-
11.
Sundar S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic striptest detection of anti-rK39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 19–23.
-
12.
Sarker CB, Momem A, Jamal MF, Siddiqui NF, Chrowdhury KS, Rahman S, Talukder SI, 2003. Immunochromatographic (rK39) strip test in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med J 12: 93–97.
-
13.
Bern C, Jha SN, Joshi AB, Thakur GD, Bista MB, 2000. Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 153–157.
-
14.
World Health Organization, 2007. Regional Technical Advisory Group on kala-azar elimination. Report of the Second Meeting, Kathmandu, Nepal, 20 October–2 November 2006. New Delhi: WHO SEARO, WHO Project: CCP CPC 050.
-
15.
Sundar S, Mondal D, Rijal S, Bhattacharya S, Ghalib H, Kroeger A, Boelacrt M, Desjeux P, Richter-Airijoki H, Harms G, 2008. Implementation research to support the initiative on the elimination of kala-azar from Bangladesh, India and Nepal–the challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Trop Med Int Health 13: 2–5.
-
16.
Mondal D, Singh SP, Kumar N, Joshi A, Sundar S, Das P, Siddivinayak H, Kroeger A, Boelaert M, 2009. Visceral leishmaniasis elimination program in India, Bangladesh and Nepal: reshaping the case finding/case management strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e355.
-
17.
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M, 2006. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rk39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ 333: 723–726.
-
18.
Wilson JM, Juenger G, 1968. Principles and practice of screening for disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, Public Health Papers No. 34.
-
19.
World Health Organization, 2003. Leprosy elimination campaigns: impact on case detection. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78: 9–16.
-
20.
Napier LE, Das Gupta CR, 1930. A clinical study of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Ind Med Gaz 63: 249–257.
-
21.
Thakur CP, 1984. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of Bihar kala-azar (including post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78: 391–398.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 491 | 209 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 80 | 31 | 0 |