Author:
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Reference Manager
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-
1.
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14: 417–423.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2000. The Leishmaniasis and Leishmania/HIV Co-Infections. WHO Fact Sheet No. 116. Available at: http://www.who.int/inf-fs/fact16.html.
-
3.
Murray HW, 2002. Kala-azar: progress against a neglected disease. N Engl J Med 347: 1793–1794.
-
4.
Bora D, 1999. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Natl Med J India 12: 62–68.
-
5.
Ranjan A, Bhattacharya SK, 2001. Epidemiology of kala-azar in India. In: Proceedings of WHO Workshop on Strategies for Control of Kala-Azar and Malaria. Bhattacharya SK, ed, 11–18.
-
6.
Thakur CP, 2000. Socio-economies of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 156–157.
-
7.
Sunder S, 2003. Diagnosis of kala-azar: an important stride. J Assoc Physicians India 51: 753–755.
-
8.
Sharma MC, Gupta AK, Das VN, Verma N, Kumar N, Sran R, Kar SK, 2000. Leishmania donovani in blood smears of asymptomatic persons. Acta Trop 76: 195–196.
-
9.
Sundar S, Singh R, Maurya R, Kumar B, Chhabra A, Singh V, Rai M, 2006. Serological diagnosis of India visceral leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK-39 strip test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 533–537.
-
10.
Goswami RP, Bairagi B, Kundu PK, 2003. K39 strip test-easy, reliable and cost-effective field diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis in India. J Assoc Physicians India 51: 759–761.
-
11.
Zijlstra EE, Daifalla NS, Kager PA, Khalil EA, El-Hassan AM, Reed SG, Ghalib HW, 1998. rK39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Leishmania donovani infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5: 717–720.
-
12.
el Harith A, Kolk AH, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Huigen E, Jelsma T, Kager PA, 1988. Improvement of direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 26: 1321–1325.
-
13.
Goyal RK, Mohapatra TM, 2004. Superiority of over ELISA as a diagnostic and seroepidemiological tool for the diagnosis of Indian kala-azar. Indian J Med Microbiol 22: 57–60.
-
14.
Bimal S, Das VN, Sinha PK, Gupta AK, Verma N, Ranjan A, Singh SK, Sen A, Bhattacharya SK, Das P, 2005. Usefulness of the direct agglutination test in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection: a community-based study. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 743–749.
-
15.
Katakura K, Kawazu S, Naya T, Nagakura K, Ito M, Aikawa M, Qu JQ, Guan LR, Zuo XP, Chai JJ, Chang KP, Matsumoto Y, 1998. Diagnosis of kala-azar by nested PCR based on amplification of the leishmaniasis mini-exon gene. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2173–2177.
-
16.
Osman OF, Oskam L, Zijlstra EE, Kroon NC, Schoone GJ, Khalil ET, El-Hassan MA, Kager PA, 1997. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 35: 2454–2457.
-
17.
Pal S, Aggarwal G, Haldar A, Majumdar A, Majundar HK, Duttagupta S, 2004. Diagnosis of symptomatic kala-azar by polymerase chain reaction using patient's blood. Med Sci Monit 10: MT1–5.
-
18.
Maurya R, Singh RK, Kumar B, Salotra P, Rai M, Sundar S, 2005. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of Indian kala-azar and assessment of cure. J Clin Microbiol 43: 3038–3041.
-
19.
Singh S, Kumari V, Singh N, 2002. Predicting kala-azar disease manifestation in asymptomatic patient with latent Leishmania donovani infection by detection of antibody against recombinant K39 antigen. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 568–572.
-
20.
Ranjan A, Sur D, Singh VP, Siddique NA, Manna B, Lal CS, Sinha PK, Kishore K, Bhattacharya SK, 2005. Risk factor for Indian kala-azar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 74–78.
-
21.
Sudhakar S, Srinivas T, Palit A, Kar SK, Bhattacharya SK, 2006. Mapping of risk prone areas of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in parts of Bihar state, India: an RS and GIS approach. J Vector Borne Dis 43: 115–122.
-
22.
Sinha PK, Bimal S, Pandey K, Singh SK, Ranjan A, Kumar N, Lal CS, Barman SB, Verma RB, Jeyakumar A, Das P, Bhattacharya M, Sur D, Bhattacharya SK, 2008. A community-based, comparative evaluation of direct agglutination and rK39 strip tests in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 119–125.
-
23.
Das VN, Dinesh DS, Verma N, Kar SK, 2002. A case report on self-cure of visceral leishmaniasis. J Commun Dis 34: 302–303.
-
24.
Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira C, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG, 1996. rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173: 758–761.
-
25.
Kurtzhals JA, Hey AS, Theander TG, Odera E, Christensen CB, Githure JI, Koech DK, Schaefer KU, Handman E, Kharazmi A, 1992. Cellular and humoral responses in a population from the Baringo district, Kenya to Leishmania promastigote lipophosphoglycan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 447–453.
-
26.
D'Oliveira A, Costa SR Jr, Barbosa AB, Orge ML, Carvalho EM, 1997. Asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infections in relatives and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92: 15–20.
-
27.
Evans TG, Teizeira MJ, Mc Auliffe IT, Vasconceles I, Vasconceles AW, Sousa AD, Lima JW, Pearson RD, 1992. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. J Infect Dis 166: 1129–1132.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1806 | 1482 | 59 |
| Full Text Views | 504 | 17 | 4 |
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Asymptomatic Infection with Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Disease-Endemic Area in Bihar, India
Roshan K. Topno
Roshan K. Topno
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Vidya N. R. Das
Vidya N. R. Das
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Alok Ranjan
Alok Ranjan
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Krishna Pandey
Krishna Pandey
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Dharmender Singh
Dharmender Singh
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Nawin Kumar
Nawin Kumar
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Niyamat A. Siddiqui
Niyamat A. Siddiqui
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Vijay P. Singh
Vijay P. Singh
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Shreekant Kesari
Shreekant Kesari
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Narendra Kumar
Narendra Kumar
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Sanjeev Bimal
Sanjeev Bimal
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Annadurai Jeya Kumar
Annadurai Jeya Kumar
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Chetram Meena
Chetram Meena
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Ranjeet Kumar
Ranjeet Kumar
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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Pradeep Das
Pradeep Das
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar, India
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A prospective study was carried out in a cohort of 355 persons in a leishmaniasis-endemic village of the Patna District in Bihar, India, to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic persons and rate of progression to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. At baseline screening, 50 persons were positive for leishmaniasis by any of the three tests (rK39 strip test, direct agglutination test, and polymerase chain reaction) used. Point prevalence of asymptomatic VL was 110 per 1,000 persons and the rate of progression to symptomatic cases was 17.85 per 1,000 person-months. The incidence rate ratio of progression to symptomatic case was 3.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75–15.01, P = 0.09) among case-contacts of VL compared with neighbors. High prevalence of asymptomatic persons and clinical VL cases and high density of Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies can lead to transmission of VL in VL-endemic areas.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Roshan K. Topno, Vidya N. R. Das, Alok Ranjan, Krishna Pandey, Dharmender Singh, Nawin Kumar, Niyamat A. Siddiqui, Vijay P. Singh, Shreekant Kesari, Narendra Kumar, Sanjeev Bimal, Annadurai Jeya Kumar, Chetram Meena, Ranjeet Kumar, and Pradeep Das, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Agamkuan Patna, Bihar 800 007, India.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Desjeux P, 1996. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol 14: 417–423.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2000. The Leishmaniasis and Leishmania/HIV Co-Infections. WHO Fact Sheet No. 116. Available at: http://www.who.int/inf-fs/fact16.html.
-
3.
Murray HW, 2002. Kala-azar: progress against a neglected disease. N Engl J Med 347: 1793–1794.
-
4.
Bora D, 1999. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Natl Med J India 12: 62–68.
-
5.
Ranjan A, Bhattacharya SK, 2001. Epidemiology of kala-azar in India. In: Proceedings of WHO Workshop on Strategies for Control of Kala-Azar and Malaria. Bhattacharya SK, ed, 11–18.
-
6.
Thakur CP, 2000. Socio-economies of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 156–157.
-
7.
Sunder S, 2003. Diagnosis of kala-azar: an important stride. J Assoc Physicians India 51: 753–755.
-
8.
Sharma MC, Gupta AK, Das VN, Verma N, Kumar N, Sran R, Kar SK, 2000. Leishmania donovani in blood smears of asymptomatic persons. Acta Trop 76: 195–196.
-
9.
Sundar S, Singh R, Maurya R, Kumar B, Chhabra A, Singh V, Rai M, 2006. Serological diagnosis of India visceral leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK-39 strip test. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 533–537.
-
10.
Goswami RP, Bairagi B, Kundu PK, 2003. K39 strip test-easy, reliable and cost-effective field diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis in India. J Assoc Physicians India 51: 759–761.
-
11.
Zijlstra EE, Daifalla NS, Kager PA, Khalil EA, El-Hassan AM, Reed SG, Ghalib HW, 1998. rK39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Leishmania donovani infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5: 717–720.
-
12.
el Harith A, Kolk AH, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Huigen E, Jelsma T, Kager PA, 1988. Improvement of direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 26: 1321–1325.
-
13.
Goyal RK, Mohapatra TM, 2004. Superiority of over ELISA as a diagnostic and seroepidemiological tool for the diagnosis of Indian kala-azar. Indian J Med Microbiol 22: 57–60.
-
14.
Bimal S, Das VN, Sinha PK, Gupta AK, Verma N, Ranjan A, Singh SK, Sen A, Bhattacharya SK, Das P, 2005. Usefulness of the direct agglutination test in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection: a community-based study. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 743–749.
-
15.
Katakura K, Kawazu S, Naya T, Nagakura K, Ito M, Aikawa M, Qu JQ, Guan LR, Zuo XP, Chai JJ, Chang KP, Matsumoto Y, 1998. Diagnosis of kala-azar by nested PCR based on amplification of the leishmaniasis mini-exon gene. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2173–2177.
-
16.
Osman OF, Oskam L, Zijlstra EE, Kroon NC, Schoone GJ, Khalil ET, El-Hassan MA, Kager PA, 1997. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 35: 2454–2457.
-
17.
Pal S, Aggarwal G, Haldar A, Majumdar A, Majundar HK, Duttagupta S, 2004. Diagnosis of symptomatic kala-azar by polymerase chain reaction using patient's blood. Med Sci Monit 10: MT1–5.
-
18.
Maurya R, Singh RK, Kumar B, Salotra P, Rai M, Sundar S, 2005. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of Indian kala-azar and assessment of cure. J Clin Microbiol 43: 3038–3041.
-
19.
Singh S, Kumari V, Singh N, 2002. Predicting kala-azar disease manifestation in asymptomatic patient with latent Leishmania donovani infection by detection of antibody against recombinant K39 antigen. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 568–572.
-
20.
Ranjan A, Sur D, Singh VP, Siddique NA, Manna B, Lal CS, Sinha PK, Kishore K, Bhattacharya SK, 2005. Risk factor for Indian kala-azar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 74–78.
-
21.
Sudhakar S, Srinivas T, Palit A, Kar SK, Bhattacharya SK, 2006. Mapping of risk prone areas of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in parts of Bihar state, India: an RS and GIS approach. J Vector Borne Dis 43: 115–122.
-
22.
Sinha PK, Bimal S, Pandey K, Singh SK, Ranjan A, Kumar N, Lal CS, Barman SB, Verma RB, Jeyakumar A, Das P, Bhattacharya M, Sur D, Bhattacharya SK, 2008. A community-based, comparative evaluation of direct agglutination and rK39 strip tests in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 119–125.
-
23.
Das VN, Dinesh DS, Verma N, Kar SK, 2002. A case report on self-cure of visceral leishmaniasis. J Commun Dis 34: 302–303.
-
24.
Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira C, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG, 1996. rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173: 758–761.
-
25.
Kurtzhals JA, Hey AS, Theander TG, Odera E, Christensen CB, Githure JI, Koech DK, Schaefer KU, Handman E, Kharazmi A, 1992. Cellular and humoral responses in a population from the Baringo district, Kenya to Leishmania promastigote lipophosphoglycan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 447–453.
-
26.
D'Oliveira A, Costa SR Jr, Barbosa AB, Orge ML, Carvalho EM, 1997. Asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infections in relatives and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92: 15–20.
-
27.
Evans TG, Teizeira MJ, Mc Auliffe IT, Vasconceles I, Vasconceles AW, Sousa AD, Lima JW, Pearson RD, 1992. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. J Infect Dis 166: 1129–1132.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1806 | 1482 | 59 |
| Full Text Views | 504 | 17 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 150 | 12 | 0 |