Prediction, Assessment of the Rift Valley Fever Activity in East and Southern Africa 2006–2008 and Possible Vector Control Strategies

Assaf Anyamba NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Kenneth J. Linthicum NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Jennifer Small NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Seth C. Britch NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Edwin Pak NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Stephane de La Rocque NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Pierre Formenty NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Allen W. Hightower NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Robert F. Breiman NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Jean-Paul Chretien NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Compton J. Tucker NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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David Schnabel NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Rosemary Sang NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Karl Haagsma NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Mark Latham NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Henry B. Lewandowski NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Salih Osman Magdi NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Mohamed Ally Mohamed NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Patrick M. Nguku NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Jean-Marc Reynes NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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Robert Swanepoel NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland; USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida; EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy; Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Disease Detection Division, International Emerging Infections Program, CDC-Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Preventive Medicine Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya; Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio; Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, Florida; Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, Georgia; Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department Khartoum, Sudan; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Division of Disease Surveillance and Response Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0289
Volume/Issue:
Volume 83: Issue 2_Suppl
Page(s):
43–51
Restricted access
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Historical outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) since the early 1950s have been associated with cyclical patterns of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which results in elevated and widespread rainfall over the RVF endemic areas of Africa. Using satellite measurements of global and regional elevated sea surface temperatures, elevated rainfall, and satellite derived-normalized difference vegetation index data, we predicted with lead times of 2–4 months areas where outbreaks of RVF in humans and animals were expected and occurred in the Horn of Africa, Sudan, and Southern Africa at different time periods from September 2006 to March 2008. Predictions were confirmed by entomological field investigations of virus activity and by reported cases of RVF in human and livestock populations. This represents the first series of prospective predictions of RVF outbreaks and provides a baseline for improved early warning, control, response planning, and mitigation into the future.

Author Notes

*Address correspondence to Assaf Anyamba, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 614.4, Greenbelt, MD 20771. E-mail: Asaph.Anyamba-1@nasa.gov

Financial support: The participation of AA, KJL, JS, SCB, EP and CJT on this project is in part supported by funding from the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, the Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program Funded by the United States Department of Defense, through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant # NNH08CD31C/ROSES 2007.

Authors' addresses: Assaf Anyamba, Jennifer Small, Edwin Pak, and Compton J. Tucker, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, MD, E-mails: asaph.anyamba-1@nasa.gov, jennifer.l.small@nasa.gov, ed.pak@nasa.gov, and compton@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov. Kenneth J. Linthicum and Seth C. Britch, USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, E-mails: kenneth.linthicum@ars.usda.gov and seth.britch@ars.usda.gov. Stephane de La Rocque, EMPRES/Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, E-mail: Stephane.DeLaRocque@fao.org. Pierre Formenty, Global Alert and Response Department (HSE/GAR) World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, E-mail: formentyp@who.int. Allen W. Hightower and Robert F. Breiman, Kenya Medical Research Unit (KEMRI)-CDC, Nairobi, E-mails: awh1@cdc.gov and rbreiman@ke.cdc.gov. Jean-Paul Chretien, Division of Preventive Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, E-mail: jpchretien@gmail.com. David Schnabel, United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya, E-mail: DSchnabel@wrp-nbo.org. Rosemary Sang, Arbovirology/VHF Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: RSang@kemri.org. Karl Haagsma, 757th Airlift Squadron, Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Vienna, Ohio, E-mail: Karl.Haagsma@youngstown.af.mil. Mark Latham, Manatee County Mosquito Control, Palmetto, FL, E-mail: marklatham@manateemosquito.com. Henry B. Lewandowski, Chatham County Mosquito Control, Savannah, GA, E-mail: hblewand@chathamcounty.org. Salih Osman Magdi, Federal Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: mgdosman@yahoo.com. Mohamed Ally Mohamed, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: mahd67@yahoo.com. Patrick M. Nguku, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: drnguku@yahoo.com. Jean-Marc Reynes, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, E-mail: jmreynes@pasteur.mg. Robert Swanepoel, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa, E-mail: bobs@nicd.ac.za.

Copyright:
Copyright © 2010 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010
Received:
27 May 2009
|
Accepted:
06 Jan 2010
|
Published Online:
05 Aug 2010
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
Online ISSN:
1476-1645
  • 1.

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    Carney RM, Husted S, Jean S, Glaser C, Kramer V, 2008. Efficacy of aerial spraying of mosquito adulticide in reducing incidence of West Nile virus, California, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 747–754. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/5/747.htm. Accessed April 15, 2009.

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Expert Committee on Hepatitis

First Report. World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 62 (Available also in French). 26 pp. Geneva, W.H.O., Palais des Nations. March, 1953. Price 1/6, $0.20, Fr. fr. 65.-; Sw. fr. 0.80

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