Peters CJ, Linthicum KJ, 1994. Rift Valley fever. Beran GW, ed. CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section B: Viral Zoonoses. Second edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 125ā138.
Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, James AD, 1985. Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever. Bull World Health Organ 63: 941ā943.
Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo DA, 1985. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from diptera collected during inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg Camb 95: 197ā209.
Davies FG, Highton RB, 1980. Possible vectors for Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 815ā825.
Woods C, Karpati A, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster E, Henderson A, Khan A, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak B, Ryan M, Ksiazek T, Ray R, Ndikuyeze A, Agata N, Peters C, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in northeastern Kenya, 1997ā1998. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138ā144.
Meegan JM, 1981. Rift Valley fever in Egypt: an overview of epizootics in 1977 and 1978. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 3: 100ā113.
Gerdes GH, 2004. Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech 23: 613ā623.
Zeller HG, Fontenille D, Traore-Lamizana M, Thiongane Y, Diguotte J-P, 1997. Enzootic activity of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 265ā272.
Saluzzo JF, Diguotte JF, Chartier C, Martinez D, Bada R, 1987. Focus of Rift Valley fever transmission in southern Mauritania. Lancet 1: 504.
El Akkad AM, 1978. Rift Valley fever outbreak in Egypt, OctoberāDecember 1977. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 53: 123ā128.
Al-Afaleq AI, Abu Elzein EM, Mousa SM, Abbas AM, 2003. A retrospective study on Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia. Rev Sci Tech 22: 867ā871.
Shoemaker T, Boulianne C, Vincent MJ, Pezzanite L, Al-Qahtani MM, Al-Mazrou Y, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Swanepoel R, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST, 2002. Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000ā2001. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1415.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak - Kenya, November 2006āJanuary 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73ā76.
World Health Organization, 2007. Outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia, December 2006āApril 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82: 169ā180.
Paweska JT, Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, 2005. Validation of IgG-sandwich and IgM-capture ELISA for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans. J Virol Methods 124: 173ā181.
Drosten C, Gottig S, Schiling M, Jasper M, Panning H, Schmitz S, Gunther S, 2002. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40: 2323ā2330.
Njenga MK, Paweska J, Wanjala R, Rao C, Weiner M, Omballa V, Luman E, Mutonga D, Sharif S, Panning M, Drosten C, Feikin D, Breiman RF, 2009. Using field quantitative real-time PCR test to rapidly identify highly viremic Rift Valley fever cases. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1166ā1171.
Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, Norain K, Abdullah W, Guarner J, Goldsmith CS, Chua KB, Lam SK, Tan CT, Goh KJ, Chong HT, Jusoh R, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR, Group NVPW, 2002. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am J Pathol 161: 2153ā2167.
Shieh W-J, Paddock C, Lederman E, Rao C, Gould H, Mohamed M, Mosha F, Mghamba J, Bloland P, Njenga MK, Mutonga D, Amwayi S, Guarner J, Breiman RF, Zaki S, 2010. Pathologic studies of Rift Valley fever from an outbreak in Eastern Africa, 2006ā2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 38ā42.
Ramalingam S, Kanangai R, Raj AA, Jesudason MV, Sridharan G, 2002. Rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus: hospital-based evaluation. J Clin Microbiol 40: 1553ā1554.
Van den Berk GE, Friesen PH, Regez RM, Rietra PJ, 2003. Evaluation of rapid immunoassay determine HIV1/2 for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2. J Clin Microbiol 41: 3868ā3869.
Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, 2003. Rift Valley fever: an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian Peninsula. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21: 153ā157.
Meegan JM, Watten RH, Laughlin LW, 1981. Clinical experience with Rift Valley fever in humans during the 1977 Egyptian epizootic. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 3: 114ā123.
Nguku P, Sharif SK, Mutonga D, Amwayi S, Omolo J, Mohammed O, Farnon EC, Gould LH, Lederman E, Rao C, Sang R, Schnabel D, Feikin DR, Hightower A, Kariuki Njenga M, Breiman RF, 2010. Investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, 2006ā2007: clues and enigmas concerning Rift Valley fever outbreaks and their prevention. Amer J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 5ā13.
Al-Hazmi M, Ayoola E, Abdurahman M, Banzal S, Ashraf J, El-Bushra A, Hazmi A, Abdullah M, Abbo H, Elamin A, Al-Sambaing E, Gadour M, Menno C, Hama M, Rohm I, Hafez M, Jambavalikar M, Arishi H, Aqeel A, 2003. Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clin Infect Dis 36: 245ā252.
Anyamba A, Linthicum KJ, Tucker CJ, 2001. Climate-disease connections: Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Cad Saude Publica 17 (Suppl): 133ā140.
Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Small J, Tucker CJ, Formenty P, Richardson JH, Britch SC, Schnabel DC, Erickson RL, Linthicum KJ, 2009. Prediction of Rift Valley fever outbreak in the horn of Africa 2006ā2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 955ā959.
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In January 2007, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was detected among humans in northern Tanzania districts. By the end of the outbreak in June, 2007, 511 suspect RVF cases had been recorded from 10 of the 21 regions of Tanzania, with laboratory confirmation of 186 cases and another 123 probable cases. All confirmed RVF cases were located in the north-central and southern regions of the country, with an eventual fatality rate of 28.2% (N = 144). All suspected cases had fever; 89% had encephalopathy, 10% hemorrhage, and 3% retinopathy. A total of 169 (55%) of the 309 confirmed or probable cases were also positive for malaria as detected by peripheral blood smear. In a cohort of 20 RVF cases with known outcome that were also positive for human immunodeficiency virus, 15 (75%) died. Contact with sick animals and animal products, including blood, meat, and milk, were identified as major risk factors of acquiring RVF.
Authors' addresses: Mohamed Mohamed, Fausta Mosha, Janeth Mghamba, Peter Mmbuji, and Raphael Kalinga, Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Work, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mails: mahd67@yahoo.com, Fausta_mosha@yahoo.com, mashaka_2000@yahoo.com, pmmbuji@yahoo.com, and rkalinga@yahoo.com. Sherif R. Zaki and Wun-Ju Shieh, Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: sxl@cdc.gov and wbs9@cdc.gov. Sylvia Omulo, Solomon Gikundi, Robert F. Breiman, and M. Kariuki Njenga, Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionāKenya, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: somulo@ke.cdc.gov, sgikundi@ke.cdc.gov, rbreiman@ke.cdc.gov, and knjenga@ke.cdc.gov. Peter Bloland, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: pbb1@cdc.gov. Nordin Zeidner, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: naz2@cdc.gov.
Peters CJ, Linthicum KJ, 1994. Rift Valley fever. Beran GW, ed. CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section B: Viral Zoonoses. Second edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 125ā138.
Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, James AD, 1985. Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever. Bull World Health Organ 63: 941ā943.
Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo DA, 1985. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from diptera collected during inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg Camb 95: 197ā209.
Davies FG, Highton RB, 1980. Possible vectors for Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 815ā825.
Woods C, Karpati A, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster E, Henderson A, Khan A, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak B, Ryan M, Ksiazek T, Ray R, Ndikuyeze A, Agata N, Peters C, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in northeastern Kenya, 1997ā1998. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138ā144.
Meegan JM, 1981. Rift Valley fever in Egypt: an overview of epizootics in 1977 and 1978. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 3: 100ā113.
Gerdes GH, 2004. Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech 23: 613ā623.
Zeller HG, Fontenille D, Traore-Lamizana M, Thiongane Y, Diguotte J-P, 1997. Enzootic activity of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 265ā272.
Saluzzo JF, Diguotte JF, Chartier C, Martinez D, Bada R, 1987. Focus of Rift Valley fever transmission in southern Mauritania. Lancet 1: 504.
El Akkad AM, 1978. Rift Valley fever outbreak in Egypt, OctoberāDecember 1977. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 53: 123ā128.
Al-Afaleq AI, Abu Elzein EM, Mousa SM, Abbas AM, 2003. A retrospective study on Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia. Rev Sci Tech 22: 867ā871.
Shoemaker T, Boulianne C, Vincent MJ, Pezzanite L, Al-Qahtani MM, Al-Mazrou Y, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Swanepoel R, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST, 2002. Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000ā2001. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1415.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak - Kenya, November 2006āJanuary 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73ā76.
World Health Organization, 2007. Outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia, December 2006āApril 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82: 169ā180.
Paweska JT, Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, 2005. Validation of IgG-sandwich and IgM-capture ELISA for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans. J Virol Methods 124: 173ā181.
Drosten C, Gottig S, Schiling M, Jasper M, Panning H, Schmitz S, Gunther S, 2002. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40: 2323ā2330.
Njenga MK, Paweska J, Wanjala R, Rao C, Weiner M, Omballa V, Luman E, Mutonga D, Sharif S, Panning M, Drosten C, Feikin D, Breiman RF, 2009. Using field quantitative real-time PCR test to rapidly identify highly viremic Rift Valley fever cases. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1166ā1171.
Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, Norain K, Abdullah W, Guarner J, Goldsmith CS, Chua KB, Lam SK, Tan CT, Goh KJ, Chong HT, Jusoh R, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR, Group NVPW, 2002. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am J Pathol 161: 2153ā2167.
Shieh W-J, Paddock C, Lederman E, Rao C, Gould H, Mohamed M, Mosha F, Mghamba J, Bloland P, Njenga MK, Mutonga D, Amwayi S, Guarner J, Breiman RF, Zaki S, 2010. Pathologic studies of Rift Valley fever from an outbreak in Eastern Africa, 2006ā2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 38ā42.
Ramalingam S, Kanangai R, Raj AA, Jesudason MV, Sridharan G, 2002. Rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus: hospital-based evaluation. J Clin Microbiol 40: 1553ā1554.
Van den Berk GE, Friesen PH, Regez RM, Rietra PJ, 2003. Evaluation of rapid immunoassay determine HIV1/2 for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2. J Clin Microbiol 41: 3868ā3869.
Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, 2003. Rift Valley fever: an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian Peninsula. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21: 153ā157.
Meegan JM, Watten RH, Laughlin LW, 1981. Clinical experience with Rift Valley fever in humans during the 1977 Egyptian epizootic. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 3: 114ā123.
Nguku P, Sharif SK, Mutonga D, Amwayi S, Omolo J, Mohammed O, Farnon EC, Gould LH, Lederman E, Rao C, Sang R, Schnabel D, Feikin DR, Hightower A, Kariuki Njenga M, Breiman RF, 2010. Investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, 2006ā2007: clues and enigmas concerning Rift Valley fever outbreaks and their prevention. Amer J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 5ā13.
Al-Hazmi M, Ayoola E, Abdurahman M, Banzal S, Ashraf J, El-Bushra A, Hazmi A, Abdullah M, Abbo H, Elamin A, Al-Sambaing E, Gadour M, Menno C, Hama M, Rohm I, Hafez M, Jambavalikar M, Arishi H, Aqeel A, 2003. Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clin Infect Dis 36: 245ā252.
Anyamba A, Linthicum KJ, Tucker CJ, 2001. Climate-disease connections: Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Cad Saude Publica 17 (Suppl): 133ā140.
Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Small J, Tucker CJ, Formenty P, Richardson JH, Britch SC, Schnabel DC, Erickson RL, Linthicum KJ, 2009. Prediction of Rift Valley fever outbreak in the horn of Africa 2006ā2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 955ā959.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 259 | 259 | 62 |
Full Text Views | 741 | 250 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 295 | 101 | 0 |