- The Workshop
- Gaps in Knowledge and Tools: A Research Agenda
- 1. The role of domestic and wild vertebrate animals in the maintenance of the virus during inter-epidemic periods (IEPs) is not fully understood.
- 2. There is a need to enhance existing RVF risk prediction models by including spatial and population parameters to achieve higher precision and confidence.
- 3. A threshold of immunity required in livestock (proportion of animals with natural or vaccine-induced immunity) to prevent epizootics and human epidemics has not been defined.
- 4. There are challenges with using livestock vaccination to control RVF just before and during epidemics.
- 5. Better characterization of geographic susceptibility to RVF (RVF-prone areas) is needed.
- 6. The lack of readily available vaccines to protect humans at high risk of infection and paucity of commercially available diagnostic assays for use by regional reference laboratories interfere with disease control efforts.
- 7. There is a need to better characterize the contribution of mosquitoes in transmitting asymptomatic RVF infection versus symptomatic and severe RVF disease to humans.
- 8. Assessments are needed of the effectiveness and feasibility for mosquito larval control in “RVF-prone areas” or in areas where RVF models have forecasted a high risk of disease.
- 9. Combination vaccines are needed against important livestock diseases, such as RVF, lumpy skin disease, and sheep and goat pox.
- 10. Bidirectional communication methods need to be developed and assessed to promote early detection of clusters of suspicious cases and to communicate behavioral change messages to people living in areas where a risk has been identified.
- Overarching Perspectives
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ernst R, 1994. Immigrant Life in New York City. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 23.
-
2.
Esrey SA, Feachem RG, Hughes JM, 1985. Interventions for the control of diarrheal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities. Bull World Health Organ 63: 757–772.
-
3.
Condran GA, Crimmins-Gardner E, 1978. Public health measures and mortality in US cities in the late nineteenth century. Hum Ecol 6: 27–54.
-
4.
Mintz ED, Guerrant RL, 2009. A lion in our village–the unconscionable tragedy of cholera in Africa. N Engl J Med 360: 1060–1063.
-
5.
Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK, Agtini MD, Bhutta ZA, Canh do G, Ali M, Shin S, Wain J, Page AL, Albert MJ, Farrar J, Abu-Elyazeed R, Paang T, Galindo CM, von Seidlein L, Clemens JD; Domi Typhoid Study Group, 2008. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ 86: 260–268.
-
6.
Brooks WA, Hossain A, Goswami D, Sharmeem AT, Nahar K, Alam K, Ahmed N, Naheed A, Nair GB, Luby S, Breiman RF, 2005. Bacteremic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2005: 326–329.
-
7.
Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED, 2004. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82: 346–353.
-
8.
Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S, Urbani C, Comer JA, Lim W, Rollin PE, Dowell SF, Ling AE, Humphrey CD, Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Paddock CD, Rota P, Fields B, DeRisi J, Yang JY, Cox N, Hughes JM, LeDuc JW, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ; SARS Working Group, 2003. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 348: 1953–1966.
-
9.
Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier RA, Berger A, Burguière AM, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra JC, Müller S, Rickerts V, Stürmer M, Vieth S, Klenk HD, Osterhaus AD, Schmitz H, Doerr HW, 2003. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 348: 1967–1976.
-
10.
Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, Ali MM, Ksiazek TG, Kuzmin I, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht C, Bresee J, Breiman RF, 2004. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2082–2087.
-
11.
de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, Vo MH, Tran TT, Nguyen BH, Beld M, Le TP, Truong HK, Nguyen VV, Tran TH, Do QH, Farrar J, 2005. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med 352: 686–691.
-
12.
Breiman RF, Njenga MK, Cleaveland S, Sharif SK, Mbabu M, King L, 2008. Lessons from the 2006–7 Rift Valley fever outbreak in East Africa: implications for prevention of emerging infectious diseases. Future Virol 3: 411–417.
-
13.
Ford TE, Colwell RR, Rose JB, Morse SS, Rogers DJ, Yates TL, 2009. Using satellite images of environmental changes to predict infectious disease outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1341–1346.
-
14.
Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Small J, Tucker CJ, Formenty PB, Richardson JH, Britch SC, Schnabel DC, Erickson RL, Linthicum KJ, 2009. Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 955–959.
-
15.
Flick R, Bouloy M, 2005. Rift Valley fever virus. Curr Mol Med 5: 827–834.
-
16.
Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Davies FG, Kairo A, Logan TM, 1988. The horizontal distribution of Aedes pupae and their subsequent adults within a flooded dambo in Kenya: implications for Rift Valley fever virus control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 4: 551–554.
-
17.
Gerdes GH, 2004. Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech 23: 613–623.
-
18.
Madani TA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Mishkhas AA, Al-Rabeah AM, Turkistani AM, Al-Sayed MO, Abodahish AA, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG, Shobokshi O, 2003. Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1084–1092.
-
19.
Abdo-Salem S, Gerbier G, Bonnet P, Al-Qadasi M, Tran A, Thiry E, Al-Eryni G, Roger F, 2006. Descriptive and spatial epidemiology of Rift valley fever outbreak in Yemen 2000–2001. Ann NY Acad Sci 1081: 240–242.
-
20.
Nguku P, Sharif SK, Mutonga D, Amwayi S, Omol J, Mohammed O, Farnon EC, Gould LH, Lederman E, Rao C, Sang R, Schnabel D, Feikin DR, Hightower A, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, 2010. An investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in Kenya: 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 5–13.
-
21.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Maratin L, Mann P, Smouk BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agato NN, Peters CJ; World Health Organization Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in northeastern Kenya, 1997–1998. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
22.
Anyangu AS, Gould LH, Sharif SK, Nguku PM, Omolo JO, Mutonga D, Rao CY, Lederman ER, Schnabel D, Paweska JT, Katz M, Hightower A, Njenga MK, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, 2010. Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 14–21.
-
23.
McDade JE, Shepard CC, Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Redus MA, Dowdle WR, 1977. Legionnaires' disease: isolation of a bacterium and demonstration of its role in other respiratory disease. N Engl J Med 297: 1197–1203.
-
24.
Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ, Simpson GL, Tempest B, Zaki SR, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Nichol S, Umland ET, Moolenaar RL, Reef SE, Nolte KB, Gallaher MM, Butler JC, Breiman RF, 1994. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. N Engl J Med 330: 949–955.
-
25.
Mohd Nor MN, Gan CH, Ong BL, 2000. Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia. Rev Sci Tech 19: 160–165.
-
26.
Fouchier RA, Hartwig NG, Bestebroer TM, Niemeyer B, de Jong JC, Simon JH, Osterhaus AD, 2004. A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 6212–6216.
-
27.
Rich KM, Wanyoike F, 2010. An assessment of the regional and national socio-economic impacts of the 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 52–57.
-
28.
Mohamed M, Mosha F, Mghamba J, Zaki S, Shieh WJ, Paweska J, Omulo S, Gikundi S, Mmbuji P, Bloland P, Zeidner N, Kalinga R, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, 2010. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of a Rift Valley fever outbreak in humans in Tanzania, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 22–27.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 2007. Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Somalia and United Republic of Tanzania, December 2006–April 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82: 160–178.
-
30.
Rostal MK, Macharia J, Evans A, Akoolo L, Wakhule L, Feikin D, Breiman RF, Ksiazek TG, Kariuki Njenga M, 2010. Prevalence of Rift Valley fever virus antibodies in sheep and goats born during inter-epidemic period in Nakuru District, Kenya. Am J Vet Res 71: 522–526.
-
31.
Evans A, Gakuya F, Paweska J, Rostal M, Akoolo L, Van Vuren PJ, Manyibe T, Macharia JM, Feikin DF, Breiman RF, Kariuki Njenga M, 2007. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever virus in Kenya wildlife during an inter-epidemic period. Epid Infect. 8: 1–9.
-
32.
Nderitu L, Lee JS, Omolo J, Omulo S, O'Guinn ML, Hightower A, Mosha F, Mohamed M, Munyua P, Nganga Z, Hiett K, Seal B, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, Kariuki Njenga M. Sequential Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Eastern Africa caused by multiple lineages of the virus. JID (submitted).
-
33.
Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, Macharia JM, Hightower A, Luman ET, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, 2010. Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts. Epidemiol Infect [May 18; Epub ahead of print].
-
34.
Munyua P, Murithi RM, Wainwright S, Githinji J, Hightower A, Mutonga D, Macharia JM, Ithondeka PM, Musaa J, Breiman RF, Bloland P, Kariuki Njenga M, 2010. Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 58–64.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 606 | 541 | 310 |
| Full Text Views | 377 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 118 | 9 | 0 |
Rift Valley Fever: Scientific Pathways Toward Public Health Prevention and Response
Robert F. Breiman
Robert F. Breiman
Global Disease Detection Division-Kenya, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention office in Nairobi, Kenya; Regional Emergency Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Robert F. Breiman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robert F. Breiman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bruno Minjauw
Bruno Minjauw
Global Disease Detection Division-Kenya, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention office in Nairobi, Kenya; Regional Emergency Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Bruno Minjauw in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bruno Minjauw in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
S. K. Sharif
S. K. Sharif
Global Disease Detection Division-Kenya, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention office in Nairobi, Kenya; Regional Emergency Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by S. K. Sharif in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by S. K. Sharif in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Peter Ithondeka
Peter Ithondeka
Global Disease Detection Division-Kenya, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention office in Nairobi, Kenya; Regional Emergency Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Peter Ithondeka in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Peter Ithondeka in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
M. Kariuki Njenga
M. Kariuki Njenga
Global Disease Detection Division-Kenya, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention office in Nairobi, Kenya; Regional Emergency Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by M. Kariuki Njenga in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Kariuki Njenga in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Author Notes
- The Workshop
- Gaps in Knowledge and Tools: A Research Agenda
- 1. The role of domestic and wild vertebrate animals in the maintenance of the virus during inter-epidemic periods (IEPs) is not fully understood.
- 2. There is a need to enhance existing RVF risk prediction models by including spatial and population parameters to achieve higher precision and confidence.
- 3. A threshold of immunity required in livestock (proportion of animals with natural or vaccine-induced immunity) to prevent epizootics and human epidemics has not been defined.
- 4. There are challenges with using livestock vaccination to control RVF just before and during epidemics.
- 5. Better characterization of geographic susceptibility to RVF (RVF-prone areas) is needed.
- 6. The lack of readily available vaccines to protect humans at high risk of infection and paucity of commercially available diagnostic assays for use by regional reference laboratories interfere with disease control efforts.
- 7. There is a need to better characterize the contribution of mosquitoes in transmitting asymptomatic RVF infection versus symptomatic and severe RVF disease to humans.
- 8. Assessments are needed of the effectiveness and feasibility for mosquito larval control in “RVF-prone areas” or in areas where RVF models have forecasted a high risk of disease.
- 9. Combination vaccines are needed against important livestock diseases, such as RVF, lumpy skin disease, and sheep and goat pox.
- 10. Bidirectional communication methods need to be developed and assessed to promote early detection of clusters of suspicious cases and to communicate behavioral change messages to people living in areas where a risk has been identified.
- Overarching Perspectives
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ernst R, 1994. Immigrant Life in New York City. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 23.
-
2.
Esrey SA, Feachem RG, Hughes JM, 1985. Interventions for the control of diarrheal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities. Bull World Health Organ 63: 757–772.
-
3.
Condran GA, Crimmins-Gardner E, 1978. Public health measures and mortality in US cities in the late nineteenth century. Hum Ecol 6: 27–54.
-
4.
Mintz ED, Guerrant RL, 2009. A lion in our village–the unconscionable tragedy of cholera in Africa. N Engl J Med 360: 1060–1063.
-
5.
Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK, Agtini MD, Bhutta ZA, Canh do G, Ali M, Shin S, Wain J, Page AL, Albert MJ, Farrar J, Abu-Elyazeed R, Paang T, Galindo CM, von Seidlein L, Clemens JD; Domi Typhoid Study Group, 2008. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ 86: 260–268.
-
6.
Brooks WA, Hossain A, Goswami D, Sharmeem AT, Nahar K, Alam K, Ahmed N, Naheed A, Nair GB, Luby S, Breiman RF, 2005. Bacteremic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2005: 326–329.
-
7.
Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED, 2004. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82: 346–353.
-
8.
Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S, Urbani C, Comer JA, Lim W, Rollin PE, Dowell SF, Ling AE, Humphrey CD, Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Paddock CD, Rota P, Fields B, DeRisi J, Yang JY, Cox N, Hughes JM, LeDuc JW, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ; SARS Working Group, 2003. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 348: 1953–1966.
-
9.
Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier RA, Berger A, Burguière AM, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra JC, Müller S, Rickerts V, Stürmer M, Vieth S, Klenk HD, Osterhaus AD, Schmitz H, Doerr HW, 2003. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 348: 1967–1976.
-
10.
Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, Ali MM, Ksiazek TG, Kuzmin I, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht C, Bresee J, Breiman RF, 2004. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2082–2087.
-
11.
de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, Vo MH, Tran TT, Nguyen BH, Beld M, Le TP, Truong HK, Nguyen VV, Tran TH, Do QH, Farrar J, 2005. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med 352: 686–691.
-
12.
Breiman RF, Njenga MK, Cleaveland S, Sharif SK, Mbabu M, King L, 2008. Lessons from the 2006–7 Rift Valley fever outbreak in East Africa: implications for prevention of emerging infectious diseases. Future Virol 3: 411–417.
-
13.
Ford TE, Colwell RR, Rose JB, Morse SS, Rogers DJ, Yates TL, 2009. Using satellite images of environmental changes to predict infectious disease outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1341–1346.
-
14.
Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Small J, Tucker CJ, Formenty PB, Richardson JH, Britch SC, Schnabel DC, Erickson RL, Linthicum KJ, 2009. Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 955–959.
-
15.
Flick R, Bouloy M, 2005. Rift Valley fever virus. Curr Mol Med 5: 827–834.
-
16.
Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Davies FG, Kairo A, Logan TM, 1988. The horizontal distribution of Aedes pupae and their subsequent adults within a flooded dambo in Kenya: implications for Rift Valley fever virus control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 4: 551–554.
-
17.
Gerdes GH, 2004. Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech 23: 613–623.
-
18.
Madani TA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Mishkhas AA, Al-Rabeah AM, Turkistani AM, Al-Sayed MO, Abodahish AA, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG, Shobokshi O, 2003. Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1084–1092.
-
19.
Abdo-Salem S, Gerbier G, Bonnet P, Al-Qadasi M, Tran A, Thiry E, Al-Eryni G, Roger F, 2006. Descriptive and spatial epidemiology of Rift valley fever outbreak in Yemen 2000–2001. Ann NY Acad Sci 1081: 240–242.
-
20.
Nguku P, Sharif SK, Mutonga D, Amwayi S, Omol J, Mohammed O, Farnon EC, Gould LH, Lederman E, Rao C, Sang R, Schnabel D, Feikin DR, Hightower A, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, 2010. An investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in Kenya: 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 5–13.
-
21.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Maratin L, Mann P, Smouk BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agato NN, Peters CJ; World Health Organization Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in northeastern Kenya, 1997–1998. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
22.
Anyangu AS, Gould LH, Sharif SK, Nguku PM, Omolo JO, Mutonga D, Rao CY, Lederman ER, Schnabel D, Paweska JT, Katz M, Hightower A, Njenga MK, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, 2010. Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 14–21.
-
23.
McDade JE, Shepard CC, Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Redus MA, Dowdle WR, 1977. Legionnaires' disease: isolation of a bacterium and demonstration of its role in other respiratory disease. N Engl J Med 297: 1197–1203.
-
24.
Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ, Simpson GL, Tempest B, Zaki SR, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Nichol S, Umland ET, Moolenaar RL, Reef SE, Nolte KB, Gallaher MM, Butler JC, Breiman RF, 1994. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. N Engl J Med 330: 949–955.
-
25.
Mohd Nor MN, Gan CH, Ong BL, 2000. Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia. Rev Sci Tech 19: 160–165.
-
26.
Fouchier RA, Hartwig NG, Bestebroer TM, Niemeyer B, de Jong JC, Simon JH, Osterhaus AD, 2004. A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 6212–6216.
-
27.
Rich KM, Wanyoike F, 2010. An assessment of the regional and national socio-economic impacts of the 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 52–57.
-
28.
Mohamed M, Mosha F, Mghamba J, Zaki S, Shieh WJ, Paweska J, Omulo S, Gikundi S, Mmbuji P, Bloland P, Zeidner N, Kalinga R, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, 2010. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of a Rift Valley fever outbreak in humans in Tanzania, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 22–27.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 2007. Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Somalia and United Republic of Tanzania, December 2006–April 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82: 160–178.
-
30.
Rostal MK, Macharia J, Evans A, Akoolo L, Wakhule L, Feikin D, Breiman RF, Ksiazek TG, Kariuki Njenga M, 2010. Prevalence of Rift Valley fever virus antibodies in sheep and goats born during inter-epidemic period in Nakuru District, Kenya. Am J Vet Res 71: 522–526.
-
31.
Evans A, Gakuya F, Paweska J, Rostal M, Akoolo L, Van Vuren PJ, Manyibe T, Macharia JM, Feikin DF, Breiman RF, Kariuki Njenga M, 2007. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever virus in Kenya wildlife during an inter-epidemic period. Epid Infect. 8: 1–9.
-
32.
Nderitu L, Lee JS, Omolo J, Omulo S, O'Guinn ML, Hightower A, Mosha F, Mohamed M, Munyua P, Nganga Z, Hiett K, Seal B, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, Kariuki Njenga M. Sequential Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Eastern Africa caused by multiple lineages of the virus. JID (submitted).
-
33.
Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, Macharia JM, Hightower A, Luman ET, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, 2010. Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts. Epidemiol Infect [May 18; Epub ahead of print].
-
34.
Munyua P, Murithi RM, Wainwright S, Githinji J, Hightower A, Mutonga D, Macharia JM, Ithondeka PM, Musaa J, Breiman RF, Bloland P, Kariuki Njenga M, 2010. Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 58–64.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 606 | 541 | 310 |
| Full Text Views | 377 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 118 | 9 | 0 |