Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Alter MJ, 2007. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 13: 2436–2441.
-
2.
Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F, 2004. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 127: S35–S50.
-
3.
Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ, 2005. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 558–567.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep 47: 1–39.
-
5.
MacDonald M, Crofts N, Kaldor J, 1996. Transmission of hepatitis C virus: rates, routes, and cofactors. Epidemiol Rev 18: 137–148.
-
6.
Aceijas C, Rhodes T, 2007. Global estimates of prevalence of HCV infection among injecting drug users. Int J Drug Policy 18: 352–358.
-
7.
Esteban JI, Sauleda S, Quer J, 2008. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Europe. J Hepatol 48: 148–162.
-
8.
Frank C, Mohamed MK, Strickland GT, Lavanchy D, Arthur RR, Magder LS, El Khoby T, Abdel-Wahab Y, Aly Ohn ES, Anwar W, Sallam I, 2000. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet 355: 887–891.
-
9.
Hutin YJ, Hauri AM, Armstrong GL, 2003. Use of injections in healthcare settings worldwide, 2000: literature review and regional estimates. BMJ 327: 1075.
-
10.
Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Simonsen L, Kane M, 1999. Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates. Bull World Health Organ 77: 801–807.
-
11.
Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Kane M, 1999. Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ 77: 789–800.
-
12.
Lavanchy D, 1999. Hepatitis C: public health strategies. J Hepatol 31 (Suppl 1): 146–151.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2004. Hepatitis C. Fact Sheet No. 164. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/. Accessed April 2, 2009.
-
14.
Lavanchy D, 2009. The global burden of hepatitis C. Liver Int 29 (Suppl 1): 74–81.
-
15.
Suganuma N, Ikeda S, Taketa K, Wang DH, Yamamoto H, Phornphukutkul K, Peerakome S, Sitvacharanum K, Jittiwutikarn J, 1998. Risk analysis of the exposure to GB virus C/hepatitis G virus among populations of intravenous drug users, commercial sex workers and male outpatients at STD clinic in Chiang Mai, Thailand: a cross-sectional case-control study. Acta Med Okayama 52: 161–167.
-
16.
Chanbancherd P, Paris RM, Torugsa K, de Souza M, Khin Saw Aye M, Chitpong A, Brown AE, 2003. High frequency of HIV-1 and hepatitis C co-infection among young Thai men: evidence for a changing pattern of HIV transmission in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34: 580–582.
-
17.
Jittiwutikarn J, Thongsawat S, Suriyanon V, Maneekarn N, Celentano D, Razak MH, Srirak N, Vongchak T, Kawichai S, Thomas D, Sripaipan T, Netski D, Ananthakrishnan A, Nelson KE, 2006. Hepatitis C infection among drug users in northern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1111–1116.
-
18.
Paris R, Sirisopana N, Benenson M, Amphaiphis R, Tuntichaivanich C, Myint KS, Brown AE, 2003. The association between hepatitis C virus and HIV-1 in preparatory cohorts for HIV vaccine trials in Thailand. AIDS 17: 1363–1367.
-
19.
Songsivilai S, Jinathongthai S, Wongsena W, Tiangpitayakorn C, Dharakul T, 1997. High prevalence of hepatitis C infection among blood donors in northeastern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57: 66–69.
-
20.
Thaikruea L, Thongsawat S, Maneekarn N, Netski D, Thomas DL, Nelson KE, 2004. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in northern Thailand. Transfusion 44: 1433–1440.
-
21.
Vanichseni S, Kitayaporn D, Mastro TD, Mock PA, Raktham S, Des Jarlais DC, Sujarita S, Srisuwanvilai LO, Young NL, Wasi C, Subbarao S, Heyward WL, Esparza L, Choopanya K, 2001. Continued high HIV-1 incidence in a vaccine trial preparatory cohort of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS 15: 397–405.
-
22.
Verachai V, Phutiprawan T, Theamboonlers A, Chinchai T, Tanprasert S, Haagmans BL, Osterhaus AD, Poovorawan Y, 2002. Prevalence and genotypes of hepatitis C virus infection among drug addicts and blood donors in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33: 849–851.
-
23.
Celentano DD, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Beyrer C, Eiumtrakul S, Go VF, Kuntolbutra S, Khamboonruang C, 1998. Decreasing incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in young Thai men: evidence for success of the HIV/AIDS control and prevention program. AIDS 12: F29–F36.
-
24.
Nelson KE, Celentano DD, Eiumtrakol S, Hoover D, Beyrer C, Suprasert S, Kuntolbutra S, Khamboonruang C, 1996. Changes in sexual behavior and a decline in HIV infection among young men in Thailand. N Engl J Med 335: 297–303.
-
25.
Nelson KE, Celentano DD, Suprasert S, Wright N, Eiumtrakul S, Tulvatana S, Matanasarawoot A, Akarasewi P, Kuntolbutra S, Romyen S, Sirisopana N, Theetranont C, 1993. Risk factors for HIV infection among young adult men in northern Thailand. J Am Med Assoc 270: 955–960.
-
26.
Sawanpanyalert P, Boonmar S, Maeda T, Matsuura Y, Miyamura T, 1996. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in an HIV-epidemic area in Thailand. J Epidemiol Community Health 50: 174–177.
-
27.
Contreras AM, Tinoco E, Celis A, Novelo B, Romero MV, Carrada E, Jimenez-Mendez R, 2007. Hepatitis C antibody intraassay correlation: is retest in duplicate necessary? Transfusion 47: 1686–1690.
-
28.
Nelson KE, Shan H, 2008. Confirmatory testing of hepatitis C virus-positive enzyme immunoassay results in limited-resource countries: should it be attempted? Transfusion 48: 1239–1244.
-
29.
Barros AJ, Hirakata VN, 2003. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol 3: 21.
-
30.
Zou G, 2004. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol 159: 702–706.
-
31.
Sunanchaikarn S, Theamboonlers A, Chongsrisawat V, Yoocharoen P, Tharmaphornpilas P, Warinsathien P, Sinlaparatsamee S, Paupunwatana S, Chaiear K, Khwanjaipanich S, Poovorawan Y, 2007. Seroepidemiology and genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Thailand. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 25: 175–182.
-
32.
Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Cohn S, Thomas DL, 1997. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol 35: 3274–3277.
-
33.
Hagan H, Thiede H, Weiss NS, Hopkins SG, Duchin JS, Alexander ER, 2001. Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Am J Public Health 91: 42–46.
-
34.
Tanwandee T, Piratvisuth T, Phornphutkul K, Mairiang P, Permpikul P, Poovorawan Y, 2006. Risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors in Thailand: a multicenter case-control study. J Med Assoc Thai 89 (Suppl 5): S79–S83.
-
35.
Kuo I, ul-Hasan S, Galai N, Thomas DL, Zafar T, Ahmed MA, Strathdee SA, 2006. High HCV seroprevalence and HIV drug use risk behaviors among injection drug users in Pakistan. Harm Reduct J 3: 26.
-
36.
Williams IT, Perz JF, Bell BP, 2004. Viral hepatitis transmission in ambulatory health care settings. Clin Infect Dis 38: 1592–1598.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 202 | 90 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 49 | 26 | 0 |
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Young Thai Men
Anchalee Jatapai
Anchalee Jatapai
Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kenrad E. Nelson
Kenrad E. Nelson
Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Thippawan Chuenchitra
Thippawan Chuenchitra
Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Khunakorn Kana
Khunakorn Kana
Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sakol Eiumtrakul
Sakol Eiumtrakul
Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ekachai Sunantarod
Ekachai Sunantarod
Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ram Rangsin
Ram Rangsin
Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand; Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Epidemiologic studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are unusual in developing countries, especially Thailand. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for HCV among military conscripts, including a sample of 5,246 men (1:30 sample), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 positive men (N = 500) between 2005 and 2008. The HCV prevalence was 2.2% in the sampled group and 8.4% in HIV-1 sero-positives. Among the sampled group, HIV-1 infection, injection drug use (IDU) history, and unsafe injections were associated with HCV infection; adjusted prevalence rate ratios [RRs; 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] were 3.7 (1.04–12.77), 1.9 (1.04–3.54), and 1.8 (1.02–3.11), respectively. Among HIV-1 sero-positives, an IDU history and residence in southern Thailand were associated with HCV prevalence; adjusted RRs (95% CIs) were 3.5 (1.71–7.24) and 2.6 (1.18–5.61), respectively. Public health measures to prevent HCV in Thailand should focus on reducing injection drug use and other exposures to unsafe injections among young Thai men.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Phramongkutklao Hospital Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (Grants 1R01TW006972–01A1, 5R01TW006972–02, 5R01TW006972–03, and 5R01TW006972–04), and the National Research Council of Thailand.
Authors' addresses: Anchalee Jatapai, Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand. Kenrad E. Nelson, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Thippawan Chuenchitra and Khunakorn Kana, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand. Sakol Eiumtrakul, Royal Thai Army, Headquarters Ratchadamnoen, Bangkok, Thailand. Ekachai Sunantarod, Army Institute of Pathology, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand. Ram Rangsin, Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: rrangsin@pmk.ac.th.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Alter MJ, 2007. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 13: 2436–2441.
-
2.
Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F, 2004. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 127: S35–S50.
-
3.
Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ, 2005. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 558–567.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep 47: 1–39.
-
5.
MacDonald M, Crofts N, Kaldor J, 1996. Transmission of hepatitis C virus: rates, routes, and cofactors. Epidemiol Rev 18: 137–148.
-
6.
Aceijas C, Rhodes T, 2007. Global estimates of prevalence of HCV infection among injecting drug users. Int J Drug Policy 18: 352–358.
-
7.
Esteban JI, Sauleda S, Quer J, 2008. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Europe. J Hepatol 48: 148–162.
-
8.
Frank C, Mohamed MK, Strickland GT, Lavanchy D, Arthur RR, Magder LS, El Khoby T, Abdel-Wahab Y, Aly Ohn ES, Anwar W, Sallam I, 2000. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet 355: 887–891.
-
9.
Hutin YJ, Hauri AM, Armstrong GL, 2003. Use of injections in healthcare settings worldwide, 2000: literature review and regional estimates. BMJ 327: 1075.
-
10.
Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Simonsen L, Kane M, 1999. Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates. Bull World Health Organ 77: 801–807.
-
11.
Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Kane M, 1999. Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ 77: 789–800.
-
12.
Lavanchy D, 1999. Hepatitis C: public health strategies. J Hepatol 31 (Suppl 1): 146–151.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2004. Hepatitis C. Fact Sheet No. 164. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/. Accessed April 2, 2009.
-
14.
Lavanchy D, 2009. The global burden of hepatitis C. Liver Int 29 (Suppl 1): 74–81.
-
15.
Suganuma N, Ikeda S, Taketa K, Wang DH, Yamamoto H, Phornphukutkul K, Peerakome S, Sitvacharanum K, Jittiwutikarn J, 1998. Risk analysis of the exposure to GB virus C/hepatitis G virus among populations of intravenous drug users, commercial sex workers and male outpatients at STD clinic in Chiang Mai, Thailand: a cross-sectional case-control study. Acta Med Okayama 52: 161–167.
-
16.
Chanbancherd P, Paris RM, Torugsa K, de Souza M, Khin Saw Aye M, Chitpong A, Brown AE, 2003. High frequency of HIV-1 and hepatitis C co-infection among young Thai men: evidence for a changing pattern of HIV transmission in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34: 580–582.
-
17.
Jittiwutikarn J, Thongsawat S, Suriyanon V, Maneekarn N, Celentano D, Razak MH, Srirak N, Vongchak T, Kawichai S, Thomas D, Sripaipan T, Netski D, Ananthakrishnan A, Nelson KE, 2006. Hepatitis C infection among drug users in northern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1111–1116.
-
18.
Paris R, Sirisopana N, Benenson M, Amphaiphis R, Tuntichaivanich C, Myint KS, Brown AE, 2003. The association between hepatitis C virus and HIV-1 in preparatory cohorts for HIV vaccine trials in Thailand. AIDS 17: 1363–1367.
-
19.
Songsivilai S, Jinathongthai S, Wongsena W, Tiangpitayakorn C, Dharakul T, 1997. High prevalence of hepatitis C infection among blood donors in northeastern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57: 66–69.
-
20.
Thaikruea L, Thongsawat S, Maneekarn N, Netski D, Thomas DL, Nelson KE, 2004. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in northern Thailand. Transfusion 44: 1433–1440.
-
21.
Vanichseni S, Kitayaporn D, Mastro TD, Mock PA, Raktham S, Des Jarlais DC, Sujarita S, Srisuwanvilai LO, Young NL, Wasi C, Subbarao S, Heyward WL, Esparza L, Choopanya K, 2001. Continued high HIV-1 incidence in a vaccine trial preparatory cohort of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS 15: 397–405.
-
22.
Verachai V, Phutiprawan T, Theamboonlers A, Chinchai T, Tanprasert S, Haagmans BL, Osterhaus AD, Poovorawan Y, 2002. Prevalence and genotypes of hepatitis C virus infection among drug addicts and blood donors in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33: 849–851.
-
23.
Celentano DD, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Beyrer C, Eiumtrakul S, Go VF, Kuntolbutra S, Khamboonruang C, 1998. Decreasing incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in young Thai men: evidence for success of the HIV/AIDS control and prevention program. AIDS 12: F29–F36.
-
24.
Nelson KE, Celentano DD, Eiumtrakol S, Hoover D, Beyrer C, Suprasert S, Kuntolbutra S, Khamboonruang C, 1996. Changes in sexual behavior and a decline in HIV infection among young men in Thailand. N Engl J Med 335: 297–303.
-
25.
Nelson KE, Celentano DD, Suprasert S, Wright N, Eiumtrakul S, Tulvatana S, Matanasarawoot A, Akarasewi P, Kuntolbutra S, Romyen S, Sirisopana N, Theetranont C, 1993. Risk factors for HIV infection among young adult men in northern Thailand. J Am Med Assoc 270: 955–960.
-
26.
Sawanpanyalert P, Boonmar S, Maeda T, Matsuura Y, Miyamura T, 1996. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in an HIV-epidemic area in Thailand. J Epidemiol Community Health 50: 174–177.
-
27.
Contreras AM, Tinoco E, Celis A, Novelo B, Romero MV, Carrada E, Jimenez-Mendez R, 2007. Hepatitis C antibody intraassay correlation: is retest in duplicate necessary? Transfusion 47: 1686–1690.
-
28.
Nelson KE, Shan H, 2008. Confirmatory testing of hepatitis C virus-positive enzyme immunoassay results in limited-resource countries: should it be attempted? Transfusion 48: 1239–1244.
-
29.
Barros AJ, Hirakata VN, 2003. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol 3: 21.
-
30.
Zou G, 2004. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol 159: 702–706.
-
31.
Sunanchaikarn S, Theamboonlers A, Chongsrisawat V, Yoocharoen P, Tharmaphornpilas P, Warinsathien P, Sinlaparatsamee S, Paupunwatana S, Chaiear K, Khwanjaipanich S, Poovorawan Y, 2007. Seroepidemiology and genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Thailand. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 25: 175–182.
-
32.
Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Cohn S, Thomas DL, 1997. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol 35: 3274–3277.
-
33.
Hagan H, Thiede H, Weiss NS, Hopkins SG, Duchin JS, Alexander ER, 2001. Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Am J Public Health 91: 42–46.
-
34.
Tanwandee T, Piratvisuth T, Phornphutkul K, Mairiang P, Permpikul P, Poovorawan Y, 2006. Risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors in Thailand: a multicenter case-control study. J Med Assoc Thai 89 (Suppl 5): S79–S83.
-
35.
Kuo I, ul-Hasan S, Galai N, Thomas DL, Zafar T, Ahmed MA, Strathdee SA, 2006. High HCV seroprevalence and HIV drug use risk behaviors among injection drug users in Pakistan. Harm Reduct J 3: 26.
-
36.
Williams IT, Perz JF, Bell BP, 2004. Viral hepatitis transmission in ambulatory health care settings. Clin Infect Dis 38: 1592–1598.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 13 | 13 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 202 | 90 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 49 | 26 | 0 |