Author:
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1.
Walzer PD, Milder JE, Banwell JG, Kilgore G, Klein M, Parker R, 1982. Epidemiologic features of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an endemic area of the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 313–319.
-
2.
Berk SL, Verghese A, Alvarez S, Hall K, Smith B, 1987. Clinical and epidemiologic features of strongyloidiasis. A prospective study in rural Tennessee. Arch Intern Med 147: 1257–1261.
-
3.
Garg PK, Perry S, Dorn M, Hardcastle L, Parsonnet J, 2005. Risk of intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in a refugee population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 386–391.
-
4.
Genta RM, 1989. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis: critical review with epidemiologic insights into the prevention of disseminated disease. Rev Infect Dis 11: 755–767.
-
5.
Robson D, Beeching NJ, Gill GV, 2009. Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome in British veterans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 145–148.
-
6.
Genta RM, Weesner R, Douce RW, Huitger-O'Connor T, Walzer PD, 1987. Strongyloidiasis in US veterans of the Vietnam and other wars. JAMA 258: 49–52.
-
7.
Brown HW, Perna VP, 1958. An overwhelming Strongyloides infection. J Am Med Assoc 168: 1648–1651.
-
8.
Civantos F, Robinson MJ, 1969. Fatal stronglyoidiasis following corticosteroid therapy. Am J Dig Dis 14: 643–651.
-
9.
Harper JS III, Genta RM, Gam A, London WT, Neva FA, 1984. Experimental disseminated strongyloidiasis in Erythrocebus patas. I. Pathology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 431–443.
-
10.
Genta RM, Miles P, Fields K, 1989. Opportunistic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in lymphoma patients. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cancer 63: 1407–1411.
-
11.
Sen P, Gil C, Estrellas B, Middleton JR, 1995. Corticosteroid-induced asthma: a manifestation of limited hyperinfection syndrome due to Strongyloides stercoralis. South Med J 88: 923–927.
-
12.
Krishnamurthy R, Dincer HE, Whittemore D, 2007. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis after anti-TNF-alpha therapy. J Clin Rheumatol 13: 150–152.
-
13.
Hunter CJ, Petrosyan M, Asch M, 2008. Dissemination of Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus after initiation of albendazole: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2: 156.
-
14.
Hayden GM, Atlas SA, 1995. Strongyloidiasis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease in a patient with lupus erythematosis: a case report. Conn Med 59: 649–650.
-
15.
Seet RC, Lau LG, Tambyah PA, 2005. Strongyloides hyperinfection and hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 680–682.
-
16.
Ortiz Romero Mdel M, León Martinez MD, Muñoz Pérez MA, Altuna Cuesta A, Cano Sánchez A, Hernández Martínez J, 2008. Strongyloides stercoralysis as an unusual cause of COPD exacerbation [in Spanish]. Arch Bronconeumol 44: 451–453.
-
17.
Almasidou D, Maniatis M, Vassiou K, Damani E, Vakalis N, Fesoulidis I, Gourgoulianis KI, 2003. Strongyloides hyperinfection in a patient with sarcoidosis. Respirology 8: 105–106.
-
18.
Viney ME, Brown N, Omoding NE, Bailey JW, Gardner MP, Roberts E, Morgan D, Elliott AM, Whitworth JA, 2004. Why does HIV infection not lead to disseminated strongyloidiasis? J Infect Dis 190: 2175–2180.
-
19.
Feitosa G, Bandeira AC, Sampaio DP, Badaró R, Brites C, 2001. High prevalence of giardiasis and stronglyloidiasis among HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 5: 339–344.
-
20.
Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C, Quigley M, Rowland S, Hughes P, Whitwoth JA, Elliott AM, 2004. Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 190: 1869–1879.
-
21.
Mattioni S, Valin N, Cracco C, Thellier M, Danis M, Caumes E, 2008. Fatal relapse of disseminated strongyloidiasis in an HIV-positive patient, despite ivermectin treatment. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 693–698.
-
22.
Winsberg GR, Sonnenschein E, Dyer AR, Schnadig V, Bonilla E, 1975. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Latino residents of Chicago. Am J Epidemiol 102: 526–532.
-
23.
Phillips SC, MIldvan D, William DC, Gelb AM, White MC, 1981. Sexual transmission of enteric protozoa and helminths in a venereal-disease-clinic population. N Engl J Med 305: 603–606.
-
24.
Meamar AR, Kia EB, Zahabiun F, Jafari-Mehr A, Mogha dan A, Sadjjadi SM, 2007. The occurrence of severe infections with Rhabditis axei in AIDS patients in Iran. J Helminthol 81: 351–352.
-
25.
Siciliano RF, Mascheretti M, Ho YL, Gryschek RC, 2008. Severe strongyloidiasis in AIDS: is steroid therapy guilty again? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49: 333–334.
-
26.
Vilela EG, Clemente WT, Mira RR, Torres HO, Veloso LF, Fonseca LP, de Carvalho E, Fonesca LR, Franca MC, Lima AS, 2009. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome after liver transplantation: case report and literature review. Transpl Infectious Dis 11: 132–136.
-
27.
Schaeffer MW, Buell JF, Gupta M, Conway GD, Akhter SA, Wagoner LE, 2004. Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome after heart transplantation: case report and review of the literature. J Heart Lung Transpl 23: 905–911.
-
28.
Redelings MD, Wise M, Sorvillo F, 2007. Using multiple cause-of-death data to investigate associations and causality between conditions listed on the death certificate. Am J Epidemiol 166: 104–108.
-
29.
National Center for Health Statistics, 1997–2006. Data File Documentations, Multiple Cause-of-Death, 1990–2003 (Machine Readable Data File and Documentation, CD-ROM Series 20). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
-
30.
National Center for Health Statistics. Bridged-Race Intercensal Estimates of the July 1, 1990–July 1, 1999, United States Resident Population by County, Single-Year of Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. Prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau with support from the National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/popbridge/popbridge.htm. Accessed April 24, 2004.
-
31.
National Center for Health Statistics. Vintage 2006 Bridged-Race Postcensal Population Estimates for July 1, 2000–July 1, 2006, by Year, County, Single-Year of Age, Bridged-Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm. Accessed March 29, 2010.
-
32.
Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM, 1998. Age standardization of death rates: implementation of the year 2000 standard. Natl Vital Stat Rep 47: 1–9.
-
33.
Boscolo M, Gobbo M, Mantovani W, Degani M, Anselmi M, Monteiro GB, Marocco S, Angheben A, Mistretta M, Santacatterina M, Tais S, Bisoffi Z, 2007. Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for strongyloidiasis as a tool for diagnosis and follow-up. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 129–133.
-
34.
Siddiqui AA, Berk SL, 2001. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis 33: 1040–1047.
-
35.
Loutfy MR, 2002. Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 749–752.
-
36.
Speare R, Durrheim DN, 2004. Strongyloides serology—useful for diagnosis and management of Strongyloides in rural indigenous populations, but important gaps in knowledge remain. Rural Remote Health 4: 264.
-
37.
Maguire WF, 2006. Strongyloidiasis diagnosed patient by endoscopic biopsy in a patient with multiple myeloma. Commun Oncol 3: 144–146.
-
38.
Muennig P, Pallin D, Challah C, Khan K, 2004. The cost-effectiveness of ivermectin vs. albendazole in the presumptive treatment of strongyloidiasis in immigrants to the United States. Epidemiol Infect 132: 1055–1063.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 38 | 38 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 258 | 84 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 109 | 40 | 0 |
Strongyloidiasis-Related Deaths in the United States, 1991–2006
Curtis Croker
Curtis Croker
Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
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Roshan Reporter
Roshan Reporter
Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
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Matt Redelings
Matt Redelings
Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
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Laurene Mascola
Laurene Mascola
Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
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The objective of this study was to 1) assess the incidence of strongyloidiasis in the United States, 2) evaluate demographic and regional associations, and 3) identify comorbid conditions as risk factors for death. A population-based case–control study was performed by using mortality data during 1991–2006. We identified 347 strongyloidiasis deaths (0.79 per 10 million deaths, 14–29 deaths per year), which decreased slightly over time. Deaths occurred primarily among older (median age = 66.0 years), white (57.6%) and Hispanic (22.2%) men (69.2%), residing in the Southeastern United States (49.3%). Associated health conditions included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (28.7%, odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0–5.4) and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (12.5%, OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.7–7.9). Strongyloidiasis deaths in the second half of the study period (1999–2006) were less likely to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (19.4%, OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.7–1.9), but continued to be associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection (12.9%, OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3–6.0). Early detection and treatment of at-risk patients with latent strongyloidiasis infections is needed to reduce strongyloidiasis mortality.
Author Notes
Authors' address: Curtis Croker, Roshan Reporter, Matt Redelings, and Laurene Mascola, Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Walzer PD, Milder JE, Banwell JG, Kilgore G, Klein M, Parker R, 1982. Epidemiologic features of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an endemic area of the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 313–319.
-
2.
Berk SL, Verghese A, Alvarez S, Hall K, Smith B, 1987. Clinical and epidemiologic features of strongyloidiasis. A prospective study in rural Tennessee. Arch Intern Med 147: 1257–1261.
-
3.
Garg PK, Perry S, Dorn M, Hardcastle L, Parsonnet J, 2005. Risk of intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in a refugee population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 386–391.
-
4.
Genta RM, 1989. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis: critical review with epidemiologic insights into the prevention of disseminated disease. Rev Infect Dis 11: 755–767.
-
5.
Robson D, Beeching NJ, Gill GV, 2009. Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome in British veterans. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 145–148.
-
6.
Genta RM, Weesner R, Douce RW, Huitger-O'Connor T, Walzer PD, 1987. Strongyloidiasis in US veterans of the Vietnam and other wars. JAMA 258: 49–52.
-
7.
Brown HW, Perna VP, 1958. An overwhelming Strongyloides infection. J Am Med Assoc 168: 1648–1651.
-
8.
Civantos F, Robinson MJ, 1969. Fatal stronglyoidiasis following corticosteroid therapy. Am J Dig Dis 14: 643–651.
-
9.
Harper JS III, Genta RM, Gam A, London WT, Neva FA, 1984. Experimental disseminated strongyloidiasis in Erythrocebus patas. I. Pathology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 431–443.
-
10.
Genta RM, Miles P, Fields K, 1989. Opportunistic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in lymphoma patients. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cancer 63: 1407–1411.
-
11.
Sen P, Gil C, Estrellas B, Middleton JR, 1995. Corticosteroid-induced asthma: a manifestation of limited hyperinfection syndrome due to Strongyloides stercoralis. South Med J 88: 923–927.
-
12.
Krishnamurthy R, Dincer HE, Whittemore D, 2007. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis after anti-TNF-alpha therapy. J Clin Rheumatol 13: 150–152.
-
13.
Hunter CJ, Petrosyan M, Asch M, 2008. Dissemination of Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus after initiation of albendazole: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2: 156.
-
14.
Hayden GM, Atlas SA, 1995. Strongyloidiasis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease in a patient with lupus erythematosis: a case report. Conn Med 59: 649–650.
-
15.
Seet RC, Lau LG, Tambyah PA, 2005. Strongyloides hyperinfection and hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 680–682.
-
16.
Ortiz Romero Mdel M, León Martinez MD, Muñoz Pérez MA, Altuna Cuesta A, Cano Sánchez A, Hernández Martínez J, 2008. Strongyloides stercoralysis as an unusual cause of COPD exacerbation [in Spanish]. Arch Bronconeumol 44: 451–453.
-
17.
Almasidou D, Maniatis M, Vassiou K, Damani E, Vakalis N, Fesoulidis I, Gourgoulianis KI, 2003. Strongyloides hyperinfection in a patient with sarcoidosis. Respirology 8: 105–106.
-
18.
Viney ME, Brown N, Omoding NE, Bailey JW, Gardner MP, Roberts E, Morgan D, Elliott AM, Whitworth JA, 2004. Why does HIV infection not lead to disseminated strongyloidiasis? J Infect Dis 190: 2175–2180.
-
19.
Feitosa G, Bandeira AC, Sampaio DP, Badaró R, Brites C, 2001. High prevalence of giardiasis and stronglyloidiasis among HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 5: 339–344.
-
20.
Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C, Quigley M, Rowland S, Hughes P, Whitwoth JA, Elliott AM, 2004. Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 190: 1869–1879.
-
21.
Mattioni S, Valin N, Cracco C, Thellier M, Danis M, Caumes E, 2008. Fatal relapse of disseminated strongyloidiasis in an HIV-positive patient, despite ivermectin treatment. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 693–698.
-
22.
Winsberg GR, Sonnenschein E, Dyer AR, Schnadig V, Bonilla E, 1975. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Latino residents of Chicago. Am J Epidemiol 102: 526–532.
-
23.
Phillips SC, MIldvan D, William DC, Gelb AM, White MC, 1981. Sexual transmission of enteric protozoa and helminths in a venereal-disease-clinic population. N Engl J Med 305: 603–606.
-
24.
Meamar AR, Kia EB, Zahabiun F, Jafari-Mehr A, Mogha dan A, Sadjjadi SM, 2007. The occurrence of severe infections with Rhabditis axei in AIDS patients in Iran. J Helminthol 81: 351–352.
-
25.
Siciliano RF, Mascheretti M, Ho YL, Gryschek RC, 2008. Severe strongyloidiasis in AIDS: is steroid therapy guilty again? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49: 333–334.
-
26.
Vilela EG, Clemente WT, Mira RR, Torres HO, Veloso LF, Fonseca LP, de Carvalho E, Fonesca LR, Franca MC, Lima AS, 2009. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome after liver transplantation: case report and literature review. Transpl Infectious Dis 11: 132–136.
-
27.
Schaeffer MW, Buell JF, Gupta M, Conway GD, Akhter SA, Wagoner LE, 2004. Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome after heart transplantation: case report and review of the literature. J Heart Lung Transpl 23: 905–911.
-
28.
Redelings MD, Wise M, Sorvillo F, 2007. Using multiple cause-of-death data to investigate associations and causality between conditions listed on the death certificate. Am J Epidemiol 166: 104–108.
-
29.
National Center for Health Statistics, 1997–2006. Data File Documentations, Multiple Cause-of-Death, 1990–2003 (Machine Readable Data File and Documentation, CD-ROM Series 20). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
-
30.
National Center for Health Statistics. Bridged-Race Intercensal Estimates of the July 1, 1990–July 1, 1999, United States Resident Population by County, Single-Year of Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. Prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau with support from the National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/popbridge/popbridge.htm. Accessed April 24, 2004.
-
31.
National Center for Health Statistics. Vintage 2006 Bridged-Race Postcensal Population Estimates for July 1, 2000–July 1, 2006, by Year, County, Single-Year of Age, Bridged-Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm. Accessed March 29, 2010.
-
32.
Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM, 1998. Age standardization of death rates: implementation of the year 2000 standard. Natl Vital Stat Rep 47: 1–9.
-
33.
Boscolo M, Gobbo M, Mantovani W, Degani M, Anselmi M, Monteiro GB, Marocco S, Angheben A, Mistretta M, Santacatterina M, Tais S, Bisoffi Z, 2007. Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for strongyloidiasis as a tool for diagnosis and follow-up. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 129–133.
-
34.
Siddiqui AA, Berk SL, 2001. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis 33: 1040–1047.
-
35.
Loutfy MR, 2002. Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 749–752.
-
36.
Speare R, Durrheim DN, 2004. Strongyloides serology—useful for diagnosis and management of Strongyloides in rural indigenous populations, but important gaps in knowledge remain. Rural Remote Health 4: 264.
-
37.
Maguire WF, 2006. Strongyloidiasis diagnosed patient by endoscopic biopsy in a patient with multiple myeloma. Commun Oncol 3: 144–146.
-
38.
Muennig P, Pallin D, Challah C, Khan K, 2004. The cost-effectiveness of ivermectin vs. albendazole in the presumptive treatment of strongyloidiasis in immigrants to the United States. Epidemiol Infect 132: 1055–1063.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 38 | 38 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 258 | 84 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 109 | 40 | 0 |