Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, Burri C, 2009. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 375: 148–159.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 1998. Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 881: I-114.
-
3.
Magnus E, Vervoort T, Van Meirvenne N, 1978. A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T.b. gambiense trypanosomiasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 58: 169–176.
-
4.
Robays J, Bilengue MM, Van der Stuyft P, Boelaert M, 2004. The effectiveness of active population screening and treatment for sleeping sickness control in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 9: 542–550.
-
5.
Simarro PP, Jannin J, Cattand P, 2008. Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next? PLoS Med 5: e55.
-
6.
Lutumba P, Makieya E, Shaw A, Meheus F, Boelaert M, 2007. Human African trypanosomiasis in a rural community, Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 248–254.
-
7.
Lutumba P, Robays J, Miaka mia Bilenge C, Mesu VK, Molisho D, Declercq J, 2005. Trypanosomiasis control, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1993–2003. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1382–1388.
-
8.
Odiit M, Shaw A, Welburn SC, Fevre EM, Coleman PG, McDermott JJ, 2004. Assessing the patterns of health-seeking behaviour and awareness among sleeping-sickness patients in eastern Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98: 339–348.
-
9.
Van Nieuwenhove S, Betu-Ku-Mesu VK, Diabakana PM, Declercq J, Bilenge CM, 2001. Sleeping sickness resurgence in the DRC: the past decade. Trop Med Int Health 6: 335–341.
-
10.
Lutumba P, Robays J, Miaka C, Kande V, Simarro PP, Shaw AP, Dujardin B, Boelaert M, 2005. The efficiency of different detection strategies of human African trypanosomiasis by T.b. gambiense. Trop Med Int Health 10: 347–356.
-
11.
Moore A, Richer M, 2001. Re-emergence of epidemic sleeping sickness in southern Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 6: 342–347.
-
12.
Laveissiere C, Meda AH, Doua F, Sane B, 1998. Detecting sleeping sickness: comparative efficacy of mobile teams and community health workers. Bull World Health Organ 76: 559–564.
-
13.
Cattand P, Jannin J, Lucas P, 2001. Sleeping sickness surveillance: an essential step towards elimination. Trop Med Int Health 6: 348–361.
-
14.
Lanata CF, Black RE, 1991. Lot quality assurance sampling techniques in health surveys in developing countries: advantages and current constraints. World Health Stat Q 44: 133–139.
-
15.
Miezan T, Doua F, Cattand P, de Raadt P, 1991. Evaluation of Testryp CATT applied to blood samples on filter paper and on diluted blood in a focus of trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the Ivory Coast. Bull World Health Organ 69: 603–606.
-
16.
Truc P, Lejon V, Magnus E, Jamonneau V, Nangouma A, Verloo D, Penchenier L, Buscher P, 2002. Evaluation of the micro-CATT, CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and LATEX/T.b. gambiense methods for serodiagnosis and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in west and central Africa. Bull World Health Organ 80: 882–886.
-
17.
Noireau F, Force-Barge P, Cattand P, 1991. Evaluation of Testryp CATT applied to samples of dried blood for the diagnosis of sleeping sickness. Bull World Health Organ 69: 603–608.
-
18.
Chappuis F, Pittet A, Bovier PA, Adams K, Godineau V, Hwang SY, Magnus E, Buscher P, 2002. Field evaluation of the CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense on blood-impregnated filter papers for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis in southern Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 7: 942–948.
-
19.
Buscher P, Lejon V, Magnus E, Van Meirvenne N, 1999. Improved latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infected patients. Acta Trop 73: 11–20.
-
20.
Penchenier L, Grebaut P, Njokou F, Eboo Eyenga V, Büscher P, 2003. Evaluation of LATEX/T.b. gambiense for mass screening of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in Central Africa. Acta Trop 85: 31–37.
-
21.
Büscher P, Depla E, Magnus E, Van Meirvenne N, 1995. A serodiagnostic ELISA using variable antigens of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Sones KR, ed. 22nd Meeting of the ISCTRC, Kampala, Uganda 25–29 October 1993. Nairobi: OAU/STRC, 46–55.
-
22.
Elrayah IE, Rhaman MA, Karamalla LT, Khalil KM, Buscher P, 2007. Evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for T.b. gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in southern Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 13: 1098–1107.
-
23.
Woo PT, 1970. The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Acta Trop 27: 384–386.
-
24.
Lumsden WH, Kimber CD, Evans DA, Doig SJ, 1979. Trypanosoma brucei: Miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique for detection of low parasitaemias: adaptation for field use. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73: 312–317.
-
25.
Lejon V, Buscher P, Magnus E, Moons A, Wouters I, Van Meirvenne N, 1998. A semi-quantitative ELISA for detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense specific antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients. Acta Trop 69: 151–164.
-
26.
Landis JR, Koch GG, 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33: 159–174.
-
27.
Youden WJ, 1950. Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 3: 32–35.
-
28.
Tape TG. University of Nebraska Medical Center. Interpreting diagnostic tests. Available at: http://darwin.unmc.edu/dxtests/ROC3.htm. Accessed April 12, 2010.
-
29.
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, 2010. Info by country, statistics. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/drcongo_statistics.html. Accessed January 28, 2010.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 18 | 18 | 2 |
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Diagnostic Accuracy and Feasibility of Serological Tests on Filter Paper Samples for Outbreak Detection of T.b. gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis
Epco Hasker
Epco Hasker
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Pascal Lutumba
Pascal Lutumba
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Dieudonné Mumba
Dieudonné Mumba
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Veerle Lejon
Veerle Lejon
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Phillipe Büscher
Phillipe Büscher
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Victor Kande
Victor Kande
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Jean Jacques Muyembe
Jean Jacques Muyembe
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Joris Menten
Joris Menten
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Jo Robays
Jo Robays
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Marleen Boelaert
Marleen Boelaert
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Democratic Republic of Congo is based on mass population screening by mobile teams; a costly and labor-intensive approach. We hypothesized that blood samples collected on filter paper by village health workers and processed in a central laboratory might be a cost-effective alternative. We estimated sensitivity and specificity of micro-card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (micro-CATT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)/T.b. gambiense on filter paper samples compared with parasitology-based case classification and used the results in a Monte Carlo simulation of a lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) approach. Micro-CATT and ELISA/T.b. gambiense showed acceptable sensitivity (92.7% [95% CI 87.4–98.0%] and 82.2% [95% CI 75.3–90.4%]) and very high specificity (99.4% [95% CI 99.0–99.9%] and 99.8% [95% CI 99.5–100%]), respectively. Conditional on high sample size per lot (≥ 60%), both tests could reliably distinguish a 2% from a zero prevalence at village level. Alternatively, these tests could be used to identify individual HAT suspects for subsequent confirmation.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Epco Hasker, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Epidemiology Unit, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: ehasker@itg.be. Pascal Lutumba, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: pascal_lutumba@yahoo.fr. Dieudonné Mumba, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: mumbadieudonne@yahoo.fr. Veerle Lejon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: vlejon@itg.be. Phillipe Büscher, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: pbuscher@itg.be. Victor Kande, Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: kandevictor@yahoo.fr. Jean Jacques Muyembe, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: jjmuyembe@yahoo.fr. Joris Menten, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Trial Unit, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: jmenten@itg.be. Jo Robays, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Epidemiology Unit, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: Jo.Robays@kce.fgov.be. Marleen Boelaert, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Epidemiology Unit, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: mboelaert@itg.be.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, Burri C, 2009. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 375: 148–159.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 1998. Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 881: I-114.
-
3.
Magnus E, Vervoort T, Van Meirvenne N, 1978. A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T.b. gambiense trypanosomiasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 58: 169–176.
-
4.
Robays J, Bilengue MM, Van der Stuyft P, Boelaert M, 2004. The effectiveness of active population screening and treatment for sleeping sickness control in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 9: 542–550.
-
5.
Simarro PP, Jannin J, Cattand P, 2008. Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next? PLoS Med 5: e55.
-
6.
Lutumba P, Makieya E, Shaw A, Meheus F, Boelaert M, 2007. Human African trypanosomiasis in a rural community, Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 248–254.
-
7.
Lutumba P, Robays J, Miaka mia Bilenge C, Mesu VK, Molisho D, Declercq J, 2005. Trypanosomiasis control, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1993–2003. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1382–1388.
-
8.
Odiit M, Shaw A, Welburn SC, Fevre EM, Coleman PG, McDermott JJ, 2004. Assessing the patterns of health-seeking behaviour and awareness among sleeping-sickness patients in eastern Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98: 339–348.
-
9.
Van Nieuwenhove S, Betu-Ku-Mesu VK, Diabakana PM, Declercq J, Bilenge CM, 2001. Sleeping sickness resurgence in the DRC: the past decade. Trop Med Int Health 6: 335–341.
-
10.
Lutumba P, Robays J, Miaka C, Kande V, Simarro PP, Shaw AP, Dujardin B, Boelaert M, 2005. The efficiency of different detection strategies of human African trypanosomiasis by T.b. gambiense. Trop Med Int Health 10: 347–356.
-
11.
Moore A, Richer M, 2001. Re-emergence of epidemic sleeping sickness in southern Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 6: 342–347.
-
12.
Laveissiere C, Meda AH, Doua F, Sane B, 1998. Detecting sleeping sickness: comparative efficacy of mobile teams and community health workers. Bull World Health Organ 76: 559–564.
-
13.
Cattand P, Jannin J, Lucas P, 2001. Sleeping sickness surveillance: an essential step towards elimination. Trop Med Int Health 6: 348–361.
-
14.
Lanata CF, Black RE, 1991. Lot quality assurance sampling techniques in health surveys in developing countries: advantages and current constraints. World Health Stat Q 44: 133–139.
-
15.
Miezan T, Doua F, Cattand P, de Raadt P, 1991. Evaluation of Testryp CATT applied to blood samples on filter paper and on diluted blood in a focus of trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the Ivory Coast. Bull World Health Organ 69: 603–606.
-
16.
Truc P, Lejon V, Magnus E, Jamonneau V, Nangouma A, Verloo D, Penchenier L, Buscher P, 2002. Evaluation of the micro-CATT, CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and LATEX/T.b. gambiense methods for serodiagnosis and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in west and central Africa. Bull World Health Organ 80: 882–886.
-
17.
Noireau F, Force-Barge P, Cattand P, 1991. Evaluation of Testryp CATT applied to samples of dried blood for the diagnosis of sleeping sickness. Bull World Health Organ 69: 603–608.
-
18.
Chappuis F, Pittet A, Bovier PA, Adams K, Godineau V, Hwang SY, Magnus E, Buscher P, 2002. Field evaluation of the CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense on blood-impregnated filter papers for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis in southern Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 7: 942–948.
-
19.
Buscher P, Lejon V, Magnus E, Van Meirvenne N, 1999. Improved latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infected patients. Acta Trop 73: 11–20.
-
20.
Penchenier L, Grebaut P, Njokou F, Eboo Eyenga V, Büscher P, 2003. Evaluation of LATEX/T.b. gambiense for mass screening of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in Central Africa. Acta Trop 85: 31–37.
-
21.
Büscher P, Depla E, Magnus E, Van Meirvenne N, 1995. A serodiagnostic ELISA using variable antigens of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Sones KR, ed. 22nd Meeting of the ISCTRC, Kampala, Uganda 25–29 October 1993. Nairobi: OAU/STRC, 46–55.
-
22.
Elrayah IE, Rhaman MA, Karamalla LT, Khalil KM, Buscher P, 2007. Evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for T.b. gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in southern Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 13: 1098–1107.
-
23.
Woo PT, 1970. The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Acta Trop 27: 384–386.
-
24.
Lumsden WH, Kimber CD, Evans DA, Doig SJ, 1979. Trypanosoma brucei: Miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique for detection of low parasitaemias: adaptation for field use. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73: 312–317.
-
25.
Lejon V, Buscher P, Magnus E, Moons A, Wouters I, Van Meirvenne N, 1998. A semi-quantitative ELISA for detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense specific antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients. Acta Trop 69: 151–164.
-
26.
Landis JR, Koch GG, 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33: 159–174.
-
27.
Youden WJ, 1950. Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 3: 32–35.
-
28.
Tape TG. University of Nebraska Medical Center. Interpreting diagnostic tests. Available at: http://darwin.unmc.edu/dxtests/ROC3.htm. Accessed April 12, 2010.
-
29.
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, 2010. Info by country, statistics. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/drcongo_statistics.html. Accessed January 28, 2010.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 18 | 18 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 268 | 126 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 63 | 32 | 0 |