Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2008. Global Tuberculosis Control—Surveillance, Planning, Financing. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, Jacobson J, 2008. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 118: 1311–1321.
-
3.
Borkow G, Leng Q, Weisman Z, Stein M, Galai N, Kalinkovich A, Bentwich Z, 2000. Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy. J Clin Invest 106: 1053–1060.
-
4.
Fincham JE, Markus MB, Adams VJ, 2003. Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Acta Trop 86: 315–333.
-
5.
Ferreira AP, Aguiar AS, Fava MW, Correa JO, Teixeira FM, Teixeira HC, 2002. Can the efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guerin tuberculosis vaccine be affected by intestinal parasitic infections? J Infect Dis 186: 441–443.
-
6.
Elias D, Britton S, Kassu A, Akuffo H, 2007. Chronic helminth infections may negatively influence immunity against tuberculosis and other diseases of public health importance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 5: 475–484.
-
7.
Zoghbi ME, Copello JA, Villalba-Galea CA, Velez P, Diaz Sylvester PL, Bolanos P, Marcano A, Fill M, Escobar AL, 2004. Differential Ca2+ and Sr2+ regulation of intracellular divalent cations release in ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium 36: 119–134.
-
8.
Pai M, Riley LW, Colford JM Jr, 2004. Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 4: 761–776.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. Reported HIV status of tuberculosis patients—United States, 1993–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 1103–1106.
-
10.
Hernandez-Pando R, Orozco H, Aguilar D, 2009. Factors that deregulate the protective immune response in tuberculosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 57: 355–367.
-
11.
Matulis G, Juni P, Villiger PM, Gadola SD, 2008. Detection of latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases: performance of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen specific IFN-gamma assay. Ann Rheum Dis 67: 84–90.
-
12.
Pelly TF, Santillan CF, Gilman RH, Cabrera LZ, Garcia E, Vidal C, Zimic MJ, Moore DA, Evans CA, 2005. Tuberculosis skin testing, anergy and protein malnutrition in Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9: 977–984.
-
13.
Buck AA, Anderson RI, MacRae AA, 1978. Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. III. Effects on the diagnostic capacity of immunological tests. Tropenmed Parasitol 29: 145–155.
-
14.
Elias D, Wolday D, Akuffo H, Petros B, Bronner U, Britton S, 2001. Effect of deworming on human T cell responses to mycobacterial antigens in helminth-exposed individuals before and after bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 123: 219–225.
-
15.
Ministerio de Salud del Perú, 2006. Norma técnica de salud para el control de la tuberculosis. Lima, Peru, p. 36.
-
16.
Menzies D, 1999. Interpretation of repeated tuberculin tests. Boosting, conversion, and reversion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 15–21.
-
17.
INEI, 1999. Peru: Estimaciones de poblacion por departamentos, provincias, distritos 1995–2000. Loreto, ed. Pebas: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Available at: rhttp://www1.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0004/INDICE.htm.
-
18.
Chernela J, Thatcher V, 1993. The effects of settlement on the prevalence of Ascaris infection in two American populations of the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Amazon 23: 25–35.
-
19.
Cooper PJ, Chico ME, Gaus D, Griffin GE, 2003. Relationship between bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination, Mantoux test positivity, and geohelminth infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 473–476.
-
20.
Sarinas PS, Chitkara RK, 1997. Ascariasis and hookworm. Semin Respir Infect 12: 130–137.
-
21.
Borkow G, Bentwich Z, 2004. Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 1012–1030.
-
22.
Escobar AL, Coimbra CE Jr, Camacho LA, Santos RV, 2004. Tuberculin reactivity and tuberculosis epidemiology in the Pakaanova (Wari') Indians of Rondonia, south-western Brazilian Amazon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 45–51.
-
23.
Norhayati M, Oothuman P, Azizi O, Fatmah MS, 1997. Efficacy of single dose albendazole on the prevalence and intensity of infection of soil-transmitted helminths in Orang Asli children in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28: 563–569.
-
24.
Bennett A, Guyatt H, 2000. Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitol Today 16: 71–74.
-
25.
Hansson A, Zelada JC, Noriega HP, 2005. Reevaluation of risks with the use of Ficus insipida latex as a traditional anthelmintic remedy in the Amazon. J Ethnopharmacol 98: 251–257.
-
26.
Argani H, Akhtarishojaie E, 2006. Levamizole enhances immune responsiveness to intra-dermal and intra-muscular hepatitis B vaccination in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines 4: 3.
-
27.
Lipner EM, Gopi PG, Subramani R, Kolappan C, Sadacharam K, Kumaran P, Prevots DR, Narayanan PR, Nutman TB, Kumaraswami V, 2006. Coincident filarial, intestinal helminth, and mycobacterial infection: helminths fail to influence tuberculin reactivity, but BCG influences hookworm prevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 841–847.
-
28.
Brewer TF, 2000. Preventing tuberculosis with bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine: a meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 31 (Suppl 3): S64–S67.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 33 | 33 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 289 | 101 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 109 | 38 | 0 |
Tuberculin Skin-Test Reactions Are Unaffected by the Severity of Hyperendemic Intestinal Helminth Infections and Co-Infections
Karine Zevallos
Karine Zevallos
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Perú; Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Katherine C. Vergara
Katherine C. Vergara
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Perú; Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Antonio Vergara
Antonio Vergara
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Perú; Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Carlos Vidal
Carlos Vidal
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Perú; Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Hector H. Garcia
Hector H. Garcia
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Perú; Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Carlton A. Evans
Carlton A. Evans
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Perú; Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
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The tuberculin skin test (TST) quantifies cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis antigens. Helminths suppress cell-mediated immunity, so we studied the effect of helminth infection and deworming on the TST in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in an indigenous Amazon community (N = 195). Stool microscopy diagnosed helminths in 98% and co-infection with multiple species in 24% of study subjects. The TST was positive (≥ 10 mm) for 49%, and responses increased with age (P < 0.001), Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination (P = 0.01), and tuberculosis contact (P = 0.05). TST results had no association with helminth-egg concentrations, species, or co-infections (all P > 0.1). One month after deworming with albendazole (three daily 400-mg doses), helminths were reduced, but 63% remained infected with helminths. Albendazole did not cause a change in TST size (P = 0.8) or positivity (P = 0.9) relative to placebo. Thus, TST reactions were unaffected by albendazole therapy that partially cured intestinal helminth infections, and TST interpretation was unaffected by high-burden helminth infections and co-infection with multiple helminth species.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Karine Zevallos, Héctor H. García, and Carlton A. Evans, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado #430 - Urb. Ingeniería, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Perú, E-mails: karen_zevallos@hotmail.com, hgarcia@jhsph.edu, and Carlton.Evans@IFHAD.org. Carlos Vidal, Ministerio de Salud de Loreto, Av. 28 de julio s/n, Distrito Punchana, Provincia de Maynas, Loreto, E-mail: vidalcar2003@yahoo.com. Katherine C. Vergara and Antonio Vergara, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Av Carlos Gonzales Nro 251, Urbanización Maranga, San Miguel, Lima 32, Perú, E-mails: k8vergara@gmail.com and antoniodvergara@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2008. Global Tuberculosis Control—Surveillance, Planning, Financing. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, Jacobson J, 2008. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 118: 1311–1321.
-
3.
Borkow G, Leng Q, Weisman Z, Stein M, Galai N, Kalinkovich A, Bentwich Z, 2000. Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy. J Clin Invest 106: 1053–1060.
-
4.
Fincham JE, Markus MB, Adams VJ, 2003. Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Acta Trop 86: 315–333.
-
5.
Ferreira AP, Aguiar AS, Fava MW, Correa JO, Teixeira FM, Teixeira HC, 2002. Can the efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guerin tuberculosis vaccine be affected by intestinal parasitic infections? J Infect Dis 186: 441–443.
-
6.
Elias D, Britton S, Kassu A, Akuffo H, 2007. Chronic helminth infections may negatively influence immunity against tuberculosis and other diseases of public health importance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 5: 475–484.
-
7.
Zoghbi ME, Copello JA, Villalba-Galea CA, Velez P, Diaz Sylvester PL, Bolanos P, Marcano A, Fill M, Escobar AL, 2004. Differential Ca2+ and Sr2+ regulation of intracellular divalent cations release in ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium 36: 119–134.
-
8.
Pai M, Riley LW, Colford JM Jr, 2004. Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 4: 761–776.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. Reported HIV status of tuberculosis patients—United States, 1993–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 1103–1106.
-
10.
Hernandez-Pando R, Orozco H, Aguilar D, 2009. Factors that deregulate the protective immune response in tuberculosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 57: 355–367.
-
11.
Matulis G, Juni P, Villiger PM, Gadola SD, 2008. Detection of latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases: performance of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen specific IFN-gamma assay. Ann Rheum Dis 67: 84–90.
-
12.
Pelly TF, Santillan CF, Gilman RH, Cabrera LZ, Garcia E, Vidal C, Zimic MJ, Moore DA, Evans CA, 2005. Tuberculosis skin testing, anergy and protein malnutrition in Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9: 977–984.
-
13.
Buck AA, Anderson RI, MacRae AA, 1978. Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. III. Effects on the diagnostic capacity of immunological tests. Tropenmed Parasitol 29: 145–155.
-
14.
Elias D, Wolday D, Akuffo H, Petros B, Bronner U, Britton S, 2001. Effect of deworming on human T cell responses to mycobacterial antigens in helminth-exposed individuals before and after bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 123: 219–225.
-
15.
Ministerio de Salud del Perú, 2006. Norma técnica de salud para el control de la tuberculosis. Lima, Peru, p. 36.
-
16.
Menzies D, 1999. Interpretation of repeated tuberculin tests. Boosting, conversion, and reversion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 15–21.
-
17.
INEI, 1999. Peru: Estimaciones de poblacion por departamentos, provincias, distritos 1995–2000. Loreto, ed. Pebas: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Available at: rhttp://www1.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0004/INDICE.htm.
-
18.
Chernela J, Thatcher V, 1993. The effects of settlement on the prevalence of Ascaris infection in two American populations of the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Amazon 23: 25–35.
-
19.
Cooper PJ, Chico ME, Gaus D, Griffin GE, 2003. Relationship between bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination, Mantoux test positivity, and geohelminth infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 473–476.
-
20.
Sarinas PS, Chitkara RK, 1997. Ascariasis and hookworm. Semin Respir Infect 12: 130–137.
-
21.
Borkow G, Bentwich Z, 2004. Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 1012–1030.
-
22.
Escobar AL, Coimbra CE Jr, Camacho LA, Santos RV, 2004. Tuberculin reactivity and tuberculosis epidemiology in the Pakaanova (Wari') Indians of Rondonia, south-western Brazilian Amazon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 45–51.
-
23.
Norhayati M, Oothuman P, Azizi O, Fatmah MS, 1997. Efficacy of single dose albendazole on the prevalence and intensity of infection of soil-transmitted helminths in Orang Asli children in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28: 563–569.
-
24.
Bennett A, Guyatt H, 2000. Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitol Today 16: 71–74.
-
25.
Hansson A, Zelada JC, Noriega HP, 2005. Reevaluation of risks with the use of Ficus insipida latex as a traditional anthelmintic remedy in the Amazon. J Ethnopharmacol 98: 251–257.
-
26.
Argani H, Akhtarishojaie E, 2006. Levamizole enhances immune responsiveness to intra-dermal and intra-muscular hepatitis B vaccination in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines 4: 3.
-
27.
Lipner EM, Gopi PG, Subramani R, Kolappan C, Sadacharam K, Kumaran P, Prevots DR, Narayanan PR, Nutman TB, Kumaraswami V, 2006. Coincident filarial, intestinal helminth, and mycobacterial infection: helminths fail to influence tuberculin reactivity, but BCG influences hookworm prevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 841–847.
-
28.
Brewer TF, 2000. Preventing tuberculosis with bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine: a meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 31 (Suppl 3): S64–S67.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 33 | 33 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 289 | 101 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 109 | 38 | 0 |