Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ordóñez JV, Sherer WF, Dickerman RW, 1971. Isolation of eastern encephalitis virus in Guatemala from sentinel hamsters exposed during 1968. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 70: 371–375.
-
2.
Sherer WF, Dickerman RW, Ordóñez JV, Seymour C III, Kramer LD, Jahrling PB, Powers CD, 1976. Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus and isolations of Nepuyo and Patois viruses during 1968–1973 at a marsh habitat near the epicenter of the 1969 outbreak in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 151–162.
-
3.
Sherer WF, Dickerman RW, Ordóñez JV, 1977. Serologic surveys for antibodies to Western, Eastern, California, and St. Louis encephalitis and Dengue 3 arboviruses in middle America, 1961–1975. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 11: 212–223.
-
4.
Cupp WW, Sherer WF, Lok JB, Brenner RJ, Dziem GM, Ordoñez JV, 1986. Entomological studies at an enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in Guatemala, 1977–1980. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 851–859.
-
5.
Morales-Betoulle ME, Morales H, Blitvich BJ, Powers AM, Davis EA, Klein R, Cordón-Rosales C, 2006. West Nile virus in horses, Guatemala. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1038–1039.
-
6.
Sudia WD, Lord RD, Newhouse VF, Miller DL, Kissling RE, 1971. Vector-host studies of an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Guatemala, 1969. Am J Epidemiol 93: 137–143.
-
7.
Ulloa A, Ferguson HH, Mendez-Sanchez JD, Danis-Lozano R, Casas-Martinez M, Bond JG, Garcia-Zebadu JC, Orozco-bonilla A, Juarez-Ordaz JA, Farfan-Ale JA, Garcia-Rejon JE, Rosado-Paredes EP, Edwards E, Komar N, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Rodriguez-Perez MA, 2009. West Nile virus activity in mosquitoes and domestic animals in Chiapas, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 555–560.
-
8.
Sherer WF, Anderson K, Dickerman RW, Ordonez JV, 1972. Studies of the Patois group arboviruses in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and British Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21: 194–200.
-
9.
Darsie RF Jr, 1994. A revised checklist of the mosquitoes of Guatemala including a new country record, Psorophora cyanescens. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10: 511–514.
-
10.
Clark-Gil S, Darsie RF Jr, 1983. The mosquitoes of Guatemala, their identification, distribution and bionomics, with keys to adult females and larvae, in English and Spanish. Mosq Syst 15: 151–284.
-
11.
Strickman D, Darsie RF Jr, 1988. The previously undetected presence of Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central America, with notes on identification. Mosq Syst 20: 21–27.
-
12.
Strickman D, Pratt J, 1989. Redescription of Cx. corniger Theobald and elevation of Culex (Culex) lactator Dyar and Knab from synonymy based on specimens from Central America (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash 91: 551–574.
-
13.
Strickman D, 1990. Culex pseudostigmatosoma, Cx. yojoae and Cx. aquarius: new Central American specis in the genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 21: 143–177.
-
14.
Strickman D, 1988. Redescription of the holotype of Culex (Culex) peus Speiser and taxonomy of Culex (Culex) stigmatosoma Dyar and thriambus Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash 90: 484–494.
-
15.
Eldridge BF, Harbach RE, 1992. Conservation of the names Culex stigmatosoma and Culex thriambus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8: 104–105.
-
16.
Harbach RE, Peyton EL, 1992. A new subgenus of Culex in the neotropical region (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 24: 232–252.
-
17.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
18.
Crabtree MB, Savage HM, Miller BR, 1995. Development of a species-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Culex vectors of St. Louis encephalitis based on interspecies sequence variation in ribosomal DNA spacers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 105–109.
-
19.
Cornel AJ, Porter CH, Collins FH, 1996. Polymerase chain reaction species diagnostic assay for Anopheles quadrimaculatus cryptic species (Diptera: Culicidae) based on ribosomal DNA ITS2 sequences. J Med Entomol 33: 109–116.
-
20.
Koekemoer LL, Kamau L, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, 2002. A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 804–811.
-
21.
Garros C, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, Coosemans M, Manguin S, 2004. A single multiplex assay to identify major malaria vectors within the African Anopheles funestus and the Oriental An. minimus groups. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 583–590.
-
22.
Paskewitz SM, Collins FH, 1997. PCR amplification of insect ribosomal DNA. Crampton JM, Beard CB, C Louis C, eds. Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, 374–383.
-
23.
Lane J, 1953. Neotropical Culicidae. Volume I. Dixinae, Chaoborinae and Culicinae, tribes Anophelini, Toxorhynchitini and Culicini (Genus Culex only). São Paulo, Brazil: University of São Paulo, 1–549.
-
24.
Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ, 1955. Mosquitoes of North America. Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1–495.
-
25.
Bram RA, 1967. Classification of Culex Subgenus Culex in the New World (Diptera: Culicidae). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1–120.
-
26.
Darsie RF Jr, Ward RA, 2005. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1–383.
-
27.
Kent RJ, Thuma P, Mharakurwa S, Norris DE, 2007. Seasonality, blood feeding behavior and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum by Anopheles arabiensis following an extended drought in southern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 267–274.
-
28.
Kent RJ, Norris DE, 2005. Identification of mammalian blood meals of mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome b. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 336–342.
-
29.
Porter CH, Collins FH, 1991. Species-diagnostic differences in a ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer from the sibling species Anopheles freeborni and Anopheles hermsi (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 271–279.
-
30.
Rozen S, Skaletsky HJ, 2000. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Krawetz S, Misener S, eds. Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 365–386. Available at: http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3. Accessed June 1, 2010.
-
31.
Crabtree MB, Savage HM, Miller BR, 1997. Development of a polymerase chain reaction for differentiation between Culex pipiens pipiens, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in North America based on genomic differences identified by subtractive hybridization. J Med Entomol 34: 532–537.
-
32.
Aspen S, Savage HM, 2003. Polymerase chain reaction assay identifies North American members of the Culex pipiens complex based on nucleotide sequence differences in the acetylcholinesterase gene ACE.2. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: 323–328.
-
33.
Smith JL, Fonseca DM, 2004. Rapid assays for identification of members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens complex, their hybrids, and other sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 339–345.
-
34.
Kothera L, Zimmerman EM, Richards CM, Savage HM, 2009. Microsatellite characterization of subspecies and their hybrids in Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes along a north-south transect in the central United States. J Med Entomol 46: 236–248.
-
35.
Aspen S, Crabtree MB, Savage HM, 2003. Polymerase chain reaction assay identifies Culex nigripalpus: part of an assay for molecular identification of common Culex (Culex) mosquitoes of the eastern United States. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: 115–120.
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| Abstract Views | 9 | 9 | 2 |
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Development of a Multiplexed Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) Assay to Identify Common Members of the Subgenera Culex (Culex) and Culex (Phenacomyia) in Guatemala
Rebekah J. Kent
Rebekah J. Kent
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Disease, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Stephen Deus
Stephen Deus
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Disease, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Martin Williams
Martin Williams
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Disease, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Harry M. Savage
Harry M. Savage
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Disease, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Morphological differentiation of mosquitoes in the subgenera Culex (Culex) and Culex (Phenacomyia) in Guatemala is difficult, with reliable identification ensured only through examination of larval skins from individually reared specimens and associated male genitalia. We developed a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay to identify common Cx. (Cux.) and Cx. (Phc.). Culex (Cux.) chidesteri, Cx. (Cux.) coronator, Cx. (Cux.) interrogator, Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus, Cx. (Cux.) nigripalpus/Cx. (Cux.) thriambus, and Cx. (Phc.) lactator were identified directly with a multiplexed primer cocktail comprising a conserved forward primer and specific reverse primers targeting ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Culex nigripalpus and Cx. thriambus were differentiated by restriction digest of homologous amplicons. The assay was developed and optimized using well-characterized specimens from Guatemala and the United States and field tested with unknown material from Guatemala. This assay will be a valuable tool for mosquito identification in entomological and arbovirus ecology studies in Guatemala.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Universidad de Valle del Guatemala, and a Robert E. Shope International Fellowship in Infectious Diseases award to RJK.
Authors' addresses: Rebekah J. Kent, Stephen Deus, Martin Williams, and Harry M. Savage, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Disease, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: fxk7@cdc.gov, sdeus@ridgeviewclassical.com, zoq9@cdc.gov, and hms1@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ordóñez JV, Sherer WF, Dickerman RW, 1971. Isolation of eastern encephalitis virus in Guatemala from sentinel hamsters exposed during 1968. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 70: 371–375.
-
2.
Sherer WF, Dickerman RW, Ordóñez JV, Seymour C III, Kramer LD, Jahrling PB, Powers CD, 1976. Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus and isolations of Nepuyo and Patois viruses during 1968–1973 at a marsh habitat near the epicenter of the 1969 outbreak in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 151–162.
-
3.
Sherer WF, Dickerman RW, Ordóñez JV, 1977. Serologic surveys for antibodies to Western, Eastern, California, and St. Louis encephalitis and Dengue 3 arboviruses in middle America, 1961–1975. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 11: 212–223.
-
4.
Cupp WW, Sherer WF, Lok JB, Brenner RJ, Dziem GM, Ordoñez JV, 1986. Entomological studies at an enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in Guatemala, 1977–1980. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 851–859.
-
5.
Morales-Betoulle ME, Morales H, Blitvich BJ, Powers AM, Davis EA, Klein R, Cordón-Rosales C, 2006. West Nile virus in horses, Guatemala. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1038–1039.
-
6.
Sudia WD, Lord RD, Newhouse VF, Miller DL, Kissling RE, 1971. Vector-host studies of an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Guatemala, 1969. Am J Epidemiol 93: 137–143.
-
7.
Ulloa A, Ferguson HH, Mendez-Sanchez JD, Danis-Lozano R, Casas-Martinez M, Bond JG, Garcia-Zebadu JC, Orozco-bonilla A, Juarez-Ordaz JA, Farfan-Ale JA, Garcia-Rejon JE, Rosado-Paredes EP, Edwards E, Komar N, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Rodriguez-Perez MA, 2009. West Nile virus activity in mosquitoes and domestic animals in Chiapas, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 555–560.
-
8.
Sherer WF, Anderson K, Dickerman RW, Ordonez JV, 1972. Studies of the Patois group arboviruses in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and British Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21: 194–200.
-
9.
Darsie RF Jr, 1994. A revised checklist of the mosquitoes of Guatemala including a new country record, Psorophora cyanescens. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10: 511–514.
-
10.
Clark-Gil S, Darsie RF Jr, 1983. The mosquitoes of Guatemala, their identification, distribution and bionomics, with keys to adult females and larvae, in English and Spanish. Mosq Syst 15: 151–284.
-
11.
Strickman D, Darsie RF Jr, 1988. The previously undetected presence of Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central America, with notes on identification. Mosq Syst 20: 21–27.
-
12.
Strickman D, Pratt J, 1989. Redescription of Cx. corniger Theobald and elevation of Culex (Culex) lactator Dyar and Knab from synonymy based on specimens from Central America (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash 91: 551–574.
-
13.
Strickman D, 1990. Culex pseudostigmatosoma, Cx. yojoae and Cx. aquarius: new Central American specis in the genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 21: 143–177.
-
14.
Strickman D, 1988. Redescription of the holotype of Culex (Culex) peus Speiser and taxonomy of Culex (Culex) stigmatosoma Dyar and thriambus Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash 90: 484–494.
-
15.
Eldridge BF, Harbach RE, 1992. Conservation of the names Culex stigmatosoma and Culex thriambus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8: 104–105.
-
16.
Harbach RE, Peyton EL, 1992. A new subgenus of Culex in the neotropical region (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 24: 232–252.
-
17.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
18.
Crabtree MB, Savage HM, Miller BR, 1995. Development of a species-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Culex vectors of St. Louis encephalitis based on interspecies sequence variation in ribosomal DNA spacers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 105–109.
-
19.
Cornel AJ, Porter CH, Collins FH, 1996. Polymerase chain reaction species diagnostic assay for Anopheles quadrimaculatus cryptic species (Diptera: Culicidae) based on ribosomal DNA ITS2 sequences. J Med Entomol 33: 109–116.
-
20.
Koekemoer LL, Kamau L, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, 2002. A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 804–811.
-
21.
Garros C, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, Coosemans M, Manguin S, 2004. A single multiplex assay to identify major malaria vectors within the African Anopheles funestus and the Oriental An. minimus groups. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 583–590.
-
22.
Paskewitz SM, Collins FH, 1997. PCR amplification of insect ribosomal DNA. Crampton JM, Beard CB, C Louis C, eds. Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, 374–383.
-
23.
Lane J, 1953. Neotropical Culicidae. Volume I. Dixinae, Chaoborinae and Culicinae, tribes Anophelini, Toxorhynchitini and Culicini (Genus Culex only). São Paulo, Brazil: University of São Paulo, 1–549.
-
24.
Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ, 1955. Mosquitoes of North America. Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1–495.
-
25.
Bram RA, 1967. Classification of Culex Subgenus Culex in the New World (Diptera: Culicidae). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1–120.
-
26.
Darsie RF Jr, Ward RA, 2005. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1–383.
-
27.
Kent RJ, Thuma P, Mharakurwa S, Norris DE, 2007. Seasonality, blood feeding behavior and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum by Anopheles arabiensis following an extended drought in southern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 267–274.
-
28.
Kent RJ, Norris DE, 2005. Identification of mammalian blood meals of mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome b. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 336–342.
-
29.
Porter CH, Collins FH, 1991. Species-diagnostic differences in a ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer from the sibling species Anopheles freeborni and Anopheles hermsi (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 271–279.
-
30.
Rozen S, Skaletsky HJ, 2000. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Krawetz S, Misener S, eds. Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 365–386. Available at: http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3. Accessed June 1, 2010.
-
31.
Crabtree MB, Savage HM, Miller BR, 1997. Development of a polymerase chain reaction for differentiation between Culex pipiens pipiens, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in North America based on genomic differences identified by subtractive hybridization. J Med Entomol 34: 532–537.
-
32.
Aspen S, Savage HM, 2003. Polymerase chain reaction assay identifies North American members of the Culex pipiens complex based on nucleotide sequence differences in the acetylcholinesterase gene ACE.2. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: 323–328.
-
33.
Smith JL, Fonseca DM, 2004. Rapid assays for identification of members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens complex, their hybrids, and other sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 339–345.
-
34.
Kothera L, Zimmerman EM, Richards CM, Savage HM, 2009. Microsatellite characterization of subspecies and their hybrids in Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes along a north-south transect in the central United States. J Med Entomol 46: 236–248.
-
35.
Aspen S, Crabtree MB, Savage HM, 2003. Polymerase chain reaction assay identifies Culex nigripalpus: part of an assay for molecular identification of common Culex (Culex) mosquitoes of the eastern United States. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: 115–120.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 9 | 9 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 200 | 82 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 27 | 0 |