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Frequency Distribution of Antimalarial Drug Resistance Alleles among Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Gezira State, Central Sudan, and Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan
Michela Menegon
Michela Menegon
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Albadawi A. Talha
Albadawi A. Talha
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Carlo Severini
Carlo Severini
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Sayed M. Elbushra
Sayed M. Elbushra
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Ahmed A. Mohamedani
Ahmed A. Mohamedani
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Elfatih M. Malik
Elfatih M. Malik
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Tarig A. Mohamed
Tarig A. Mohamed
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Walther H. Wernsdorfer
Walther H. Wernsdorfer
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Giancarlo Majori
Giancarlo Majori
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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Bakri Y. M. Nour
Bakri Y. M. Nour
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan; Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control-Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; National Malaria Control Program Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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In 2004, Sudan adopted artesunate + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) combination as the first-line drug, in response to the high level of falciparum resistance to antimalarials. In 2007, a molecular study on antimalarial resistance linked genes, pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps, and pfATPase6, was conducted on 198 isolates from central and eastern Sudan. We observed a high frequency of point mutations at almost all loci analyzed, mainly of pfcrt 76T (72.7%), pfdhfr 51I (75.3%), and pfdhfr 108N (72.7%) alleles. The MARK III in vitro test for chloroquine sensitivity in 45 P. falciparum isolates showed that 37.8% of the isolates were low resistant and 6.7% were fully resistant. This study represents the most recent molecular investigation on antimalarial resistance in this area after the adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), and underlines the importance of the analysis of SP resistance evolution to monitor the efficacy of ACT therapy in endemic areas.
Author Notes
Financial support: Part of this work has been carried out with the financial support from a Technical Service Agreement (HQ/07/100294) between the World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, and Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
Authors' addresses: Michela Menegon, Carlo Severini, and Giancarlo Majori, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases Control, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, E-mails: michela.menegon@iss.it, carlo.severini@iss.it, and giancarlo.majori@iss.it. Albadawi A. Talha and Ahmed A. Mohamedani, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, WadMedani, Sudan. E-mails: badawiat@yahoo.com and a_mohamedani@hotmail.com. Sayed M. Elbushra and Bakri Y. M. Nour, Blue Nile Research National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan, E-mails: sayedelbushra@yahoo.com and bakrinour@hotmail.com. Elfatih M. Malik, Directorate of Communicable Diseases Control–Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: fatihmmalik@hotmail.com. Tarig A. Mohamed, National Malaria Control Program–Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: tarigmohmed_ali@hotmail.com. Walther H. Wernsdorfer, National Malaria Control Program–Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University, Vienna, Austria, E-mail: walter.wernsdorfer@meduniwien.ac.at.
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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