ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
Fleming G, 1986. Biología y Ecología de los Vectores de la Malaria. Washington, DC: OPS.
-
2.
Tadei WP, Dutary-Thatcher B, Santos JM, Scarpassa VM, Rodrigues IB, Rafael MS, 1998. Ecologic observations on Anopheles vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 325–335.
-
3.
Deane LM, 1988. Malaria studies and control in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 223–230.
-
4.
Santos JM, Contel EP, Kerr WE, 1985. Biology of Amazonian mosquitoes. III. Esterase isozymes in Anopheles darlingi. Acta Amazon 15: 167–177.
-
5.
Kreutzer RD, Kitzmiller JB, Ferreira E, 1972. Inversion polymorphism in the salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi Root. Mosq News 32: 555–565.
-
6.
Tadei WP, Santos JM, 1982. Biologia de anofelinos Amazônicos. VII. Estudo da variação de freqüências das inversões cromossômicas de Anopheles darlingi root (Diptera, Culicidae). Acta Amazon 12: 759–785.
-
7.
Tadei WP, Santos JM, Rabbani MG, 1982. Biologia de anofelinos Amazônicos. V. Polimorfismo cromossômico de Anopheles darlingi root (Diptera, Culicidae). Acta Amazon 12: 353–369.
-
8.
Rosa-Freitas MG, Broomfield G, Priestmann A, Milligan P, Momen H, Molyneux DH, 1992. Studies on cuticular components, isoenzymes and behaviour of 3 populations of Anopheles darlingi from Brazil. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8: 357–366.
-
9.
Santos JM, Lobo JA, Tadei WP, Contel EP, 1999. Intrapopulational genetic differentiation in Anopheles (N.) darlingi root, 1926 (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Amazon region. Genet Mol Biol 22: 325–331.
-
10.
Conn JE, Vineis JH, Bollback JP, Onyabe DY, Wilkerson RC, Póvoa MM, 2006. Population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi in a malaria-endemic region of eastern Amazonian Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 798–806.
-
11.
Rafael MS, Tadei WP, 1998. Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi root and A. (N.) nuneztovari Gabaldón (Diptera, Culicidae). Genet Mol Biol 21: 351–354.
-
12.
Rafael MS, Tadei WP, Recco-Pimentel SM, 2003. Location of ribosomal genes in the chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera, Culicidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98: 629–635.
-
13.
Rafael MS, Tadei WP, Hunter FF, 2004. The physical gene Hsp70 map on polytene chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi from the Brazilian Amazon. Genetica 121: 89–94.
-
14.
Tadei WP, 1985. Biology of Amazonian mosquitoes IX. On chromosome polymorphism of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi and a new arrangement in the X-chromosome. Cienc Cult 37: 1329–1331.
-
15.
Rúbio-Palis Y, Zimmermann RH, 1997. Ecoregional classification of malaria vectors in the neotropics. J Med Vet Entomol 6: 325–334.
-
16.
Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Luz SL, 1996. Simian malaria at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon. II. Vertical distribution and frequency of anopheline species inside and outside the forest. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91: 687–694.
-
17.
Schreiber G, Guedes AS, 1959. Estudo comparativo do cromosoma X em algumas espécies de Anopheles do sub-gen. Nyssorhynchus (Dipt. Culic.). Cienc Cult 11: 128–129.
-
18.
Kreutzer RD, Kitzmiller JB, Rabbani MG, 1975. The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles argyritarsis compared with those of certain other species in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Mosq News 35: 354–365.
-
19.
Rafael MS, Santos Junior IP, Tadei WP, Carvalho KA, Sallum MA, Forattini OP, 2006. Cytogenetic study of Anopheles albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) by C-banding and in situ hybridization. Hereditas 143: 1–6.
-
20.
Ramírez CC, Dessen EM, 1994. Cytogenetic analysis of a natural population of Anopheles cruzii. Rev Bras Genet 17: 41–46.
-
21.
Ramírez CC, Dessen EM, 1996. The polytene chromosomes of the mosquito Anopheles bellator compared with those of Anopheles cruzii. Rev Bras Genet 19: 555–558.
-
22.
Seetharam PL, Chowdaiah BN, 1974. Chromosome studies on oriental anophelines. III. The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles subpictus. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad 40B: 399–403.
-
23.
Coluzzi M, 1966. Osservazioni comparitive sul cromosoma X nelle specie A e B del complesso Anopheles gambiae. Rend Clas Sci Fis Mat Nat Acc Naz Lacei 40: 671–678.
-
24.
Schaeffer SW, Bhutkar A, McAllister BF, Matsuda M, Matzkin ML, Rohde C, Valente VL, Aguadé M, Anderson WW, Edwards K, Garcia AC, Goodman J, Hartigan J, Kataoka E, Lapoint RT, Lozovsky ER, Machado CA, Noor MA, Papaceit M, Reed LK, Richards S, Rieger TT, Russo SM, Sato H, Segarra C, Smith DR, Smith TF, Strelets V, Tobari YN, Tomimura Y, Wasserman M, Watts T, Wilson R, Yoshida K, Markow TA, Gelbart WM, Kaufman TC, 2008. Polytene chromosomal maps of 11 Drosophila species: the order of genomic scaffolds inferred from genetic and physical maps. Genetics 179: 1601–1655.
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25.
Forattini OP, 1962. Entomologia Médica. Volume 1. São Paulo, Brazil: Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da USP. Editora da USP.
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Faran ME, Linthicum KJ, 1981. A handbook of the Amazonian species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 13: 1–91.
-
27.
French WL, Baker RH, Kitzmiller JB, 1962. Preparation of mosquito chromosomes. Mosq News 22: 377–383.
-
28.
Coluzzi M, Cancrini G, Di Deco M, 1970. The polytene chromosomes of Anopheles superpictus and relationships with Anopheles stephensi. Parassitologia 12: 101–112.
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29.
Green CA, Hunt RH, 1980. Interpretation of the variation in ovarian polytene chromosomes of Anopheles funestus giles, A. parensis gillies, and A. aruni? Genetica 51: 187–195.
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30.
Sharakhov IV, Serazin AC, Grushko OG, Dana A, Lobo N, Hillenmeyer ME, Westerman R, Romero-Severson J, Costantini C, Sagnon NF, Collins FH, Besansky NJ, 2002. Inversions and gene order shuffling in Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus. Science 298: 182–185.
-
31.
Sharakhova MV, Xia A, Mcalister SI, Sharakhov IV, 2006. A standard cytogenetic photomap for the mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae): application for physical mapping. J Med Entomol 43: 861–866.
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32.
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Salivary Polytene Chromosome Map of Anopheles darlingi, the Main Vector of Neotropical Malaria
Míriam S. Rafael
Míriam S. Rafael
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) and Coordination of Health Science Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Cláudia Rohde
Cláudia Rohde
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) and Coordination of Health Science Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Letícia C. Bridi
Letícia C. Bridi
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) and Coordination of Health Science Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente Gaiesky
Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente Gaiesky
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) and Coordination of Health Science Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Wanderli P. Tadei
Wanderli P. Tadei
The National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) and Coordination of Health Science Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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New photomap of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, 1926, is described for a population from Guajará-Mirim, State of Rondonia, Brazil. The number of sections in the previous A. darlingi reference map was maintained and new subsections were added to the five chromosome arms. Breakage points of paracentric inversions had been previously incorporated into the photomap of this species. An additional inversion is reported, called 3Lc, totaling 14 inversions in the A. darlingi chromosome arms. The proposed photomap is potentially useful for further evolutionary studies in addition to physical and in silico chromosome mapping using A. darlingi genomic and transcriptome sequences. Furthermore, in our attempt to compare sections of the 2R chromosome arm of A. darlingi with Anopheles funestus, Anopheles stephensi, and Anopheles gambiae, we found great differences in the arrangement of the polytene chromosome bands, which are consistent with the known phylogenetic divergence of these species.
Author Notes
Financial support: We thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES (PROCAD – Process no. 023/2006), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq, Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia – MCT, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA (Process no. 014/2008), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas – FAPEAM (PIPT and Infraestructure projects), PIATAM/Petrobrás, Ana Tereza Vasconcelos from the Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica – LNCC, Coordinator of the Complete Genome Project A. darlingi and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Pernambuco – FACEPE (APQ-0757-2.02/06 process), for financial support.
Authors' addresses: Míriam S. Rafael and Wanderli P. Tadei, Coordenação de Pesquis as em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil, E-mails: msrafael@inpa.gov.br and tadei@inpa.gov.br. Cláudia Rohde, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Núcleo de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil, E-mail: claudiarohde@yahoo.com. Letícia C. Bridi, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil, E-mail: lcbridi@gmail.com. Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente Gaiesky, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, E-mail: 00004887@ufrgs.br.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Fleming G, 1986. Biología y Ecología de los Vectores de la Malaria. Washington, DC: OPS.
-
2.
Tadei WP, Dutary-Thatcher B, Santos JM, Scarpassa VM, Rodrigues IB, Rafael MS, 1998. Ecologic observations on Anopheles vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 325–335.
-
3.
Deane LM, 1988. Malaria studies and control in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 223–230.
-
4.
Santos JM, Contel EP, Kerr WE, 1985. Biology of Amazonian mosquitoes. III. Esterase isozymes in Anopheles darlingi. Acta Amazon 15: 167–177.
-
5.
Kreutzer RD, Kitzmiller JB, Ferreira E, 1972. Inversion polymorphism in the salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi Root. Mosq News 32: 555–565.
-
6.
Tadei WP, Santos JM, 1982. Biologia de anofelinos Amazônicos. VII. Estudo da variação de freqüências das inversões cromossômicas de Anopheles darlingi root (Diptera, Culicidae). Acta Amazon 12: 759–785.
-
7.
Tadei WP, Santos JM, Rabbani MG, 1982. Biologia de anofelinos Amazônicos. V. Polimorfismo cromossômico de Anopheles darlingi root (Diptera, Culicidae). Acta Amazon 12: 353–369.
-
8.
Rosa-Freitas MG, Broomfield G, Priestmann A, Milligan P, Momen H, Molyneux DH, 1992. Studies on cuticular components, isoenzymes and behaviour of 3 populations of Anopheles darlingi from Brazil. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8: 357–366.
-
9.
Santos JM, Lobo JA, Tadei WP, Contel EP, 1999. Intrapopulational genetic differentiation in Anopheles (N.) darlingi root, 1926 (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Amazon region. Genet Mol Biol 22: 325–331.
-
10.
Conn JE, Vineis JH, Bollback JP, Onyabe DY, Wilkerson RC, Póvoa MM, 2006. Population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi in a malaria-endemic region of eastern Amazonian Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 798–806.
-
11.
Rafael MS, Tadei WP, 1998. Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi root and A. (N.) nuneztovari Gabaldón (Diptera, Culicidae). Genet Mol Biol 21: 351–354.
-
12.
Rafael MS, Tadei WP, Recco-Pimentel SM, 2003. Location of ribosomal genes in the chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera, Culicidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98: 629–635.
-
13.
Rafael MS, Tadei WP, Hunter FF, 2004. The physical gene Hsp70 map on polytene chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi from the Brazilian Amazon. Genetica 121: 89–94.
-
14.
Tadei WP, 1985. Biology of Amazonian mosquitoes IX. On chromosome polymorphism of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi and a new arrangement in the X-chromosome. Cienc Cult 37: 1329–1331.
-
15.
Rúbio-Palis Y, Zimmermann RH, 1997. Ecoregional classification of malaria vectors in the neotropics. J Med Vet Entomol 6: 325–334.
-
16.
Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Luz SL, 1996. Simian malaria at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon. II. Vertical distribution and frequency of anopheline species inside and outside the forest. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91: 687–694.
-
17.
Schreiber G, Guedes AS, 1959. Estudo comparativo do cromosoma X em algumas espécies de Anopheles do sub-gen. Nyssorhynchus (Dipt. Culic.). Cienc Cult 11: 128–129.
-
18.
Kreutzer RD, Kitzmiller JB, Rabbani MG, 1975. The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles argyritarsis compared with those of certain other species in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Mosq News 35: 354–365.
-
19.
Rafael MS, Santos Junior IP, Tadei WP, Carvalho KA, Sallum MA, Forattini OP, 2006. Cytogenetic study of Anopheles albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) by C-banding and in situ hybridization. Hereditas 143: 1–6.
-
20.
Ramírez CC, Dessen EM, 1994. Cytogenetic analysis of a natural population of Anopheles cruzii. Rev Bras Genet 17: 41–46.
-
21.
Ramírez CC, Dessen EM, 1996. The polytene chromosomes of the mosquito Anopheles bellator compared with those of Anopheles cruzii. Rev Bras Genet 19: 555–558.
-
22.
Seetharam PL, Chowdaiah BN, 1974. Chromosome studies on oriental anophelines. III. The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles subpictus. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad 40B: 399–403.
-
23.
Coluzzi M, 1966. Osservazioni comparitive sul cromosoma X nelle specie A e B del complesso Anopheles gambiae. Rend Clas Sci Fis Mat Nat Acc Naz Lacei 40: 671–678.
-
24.
Schaeffer SW, Bhutkar A, McAllister BF, Matsuda M, Matzkin ML, Rohde C, Valente VL, Aguadé M, Anderson WW, Edwards K, Garcia AC, Goodman J, Hartigan J, Kataoka E, Lapoint RT, Lozovsky ER, Machado CA, Noor MA, Papaceit M, Reed LK, Richards S, Rieger TT, Russo SM, Sato H, Segarra C, Smith DR, Smith TF, Strelets V, Tobari YN, Tomimura Y, Wasserman M, Watts T, Wilson R, Yoshida K, Markow TA, Gelbart WM, Kaufman TC, 2008. Polytene chromosomal maps of 11 Drosophila species: the order of genomic scaffolds inferred from genetic and physical maps. Genetics 179: 1601–1655.
-
25.
Forattini OP, 1962. Entomologia Médica. Volume 1. São Paulo, Brazil: Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da USP. Editora da USP.
-
26.
Faran ME, Linthicum KJ, 1981. A handbook of the Amazonian species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 13: 1–91.
-
27.
French WL, Baker RH, Kitzmiller JB, 1962. Preparation of mosquito chromosomes. Mosq News 22: 377–383.
-
28.
Coluzzi M, Cancrini G, Di Deco M, 1970. The polytene chromosomes of Anopheles superpictus and relationships with Anopheles stephensi. Parassitologia 12: 101–112.
-
29.
Green CA, Hunt RH, 1980. Interpretation of the variation in ovarian polytene chromosomes of Anopheles funestus giles, A. parensis gillies, and A. aruni? Genetica 51: 187–195.
-
30.
Sharakhov IV, Serazin AC, Grushko OG, Dana A, Lobo N, Hillenmeyer ME, Westerman R, Romero-Severson J, Costantini C, Sagnon NF, Collins FH, Besansky NJ, 2002. Inversions and gene order shuffling in Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus. Science 298: 182–185.
-
31.
Sharakhova MV, Xia A, Mcalister SI, Sharakhov IV, 2006. A standard cytogenetic photomap for the mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae): application for physical mapping. J Med Entomol 43: 861–866.
-
32.
Sharma GP, Parshad R, Narang SL, Kitzmiller JB, 1969. The salivary chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi. J Med Entomol 6: 68–71.
-
33.
Mahmood F, Sakai RK, 1985. An ovarian chromosome map of Anopheles stephensi. Cytobios 43: 79–86.
-
34.
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, 1967. Cytogenetics observations on species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parassitologia 9: 73–88.
-
35.
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA, 1979. Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73: 483–497.
-
36.
Chaudhry S, Neetu GS, Chhilar JS, 2005. Salivary polytene chromosome mapping of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). Genome 48: 241–246.
-
37.
Keppler WJ, Kitzmiller JB, Rabanni MG, 1973. The salivary gland chromosomal of Anopheles albimanus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 33: 42–49.
-
38.
Conn J, 1991. A cytogenetic analysis of the polytene chromosomes of Anopheles triannulatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from western Venezuela. Genome 34: 267–272.
-
39.
Kitzmiller JB, 1977. Chromosomal differences among species of Anopheles mosquitoes. Mosq Syst 9: 112–122.
-
40.
Cornel AJ, Collins FH, 2000. Maintenance of chromosome arm integrity between two Anopheles mosquito subgenera. J Hered 91: 364–370.
-
41.
Marshall JC, Powell JR, Caccone A, 2005. Short report: phylogenetic relationships of the anthropophilic Plasmodium falciparum malaria vectors in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 749–752.
-
42.
Coluzzi M, DiDeco M, Cancrini G, 1973. Chromosomal inversions in Anopheles stephensi. Parassitologia 15: 129–136.
-
43.
Mahmood F, Sakai RK, 1984. Inversion polymorphisms in natural populations of Anopheles stephensi. Can J Genet Cytol 26: 538–546.
-
44.
Sharakhov I, Braginets O, Grushko O, Cohuet A, Guelbeogo WM, Boccolini D, Weill M, Costantini C, Sagnon N, Fontenille D, 2004. A microsatellite physical map of the African human malaria vector Anopheles funestus. J Hered 95: 29–34.
-
45.
Linthicum KJ, 1988. A revision of the Argyritarsis section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 20: 101–271.
-
46.
Sallum MA, Schultz TR, Wilkerson RC, 2000. Phylogeny of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological characters. Ann Entomol Soc Am 93: 745–775.
-
47.
Scarpassa VM, Conn JE, 2007. Population genetic structure of the major malaria vector Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Brazilian Amazon, using microsatellite markers. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 102: 319–327.
-
48.
Aultman KS, Beaty BJ, Walker ED, 2001. Genetically manipulated vectors of human disease: a practical overview. Trends Parasitol 17: 507–509.
-
49.
Santos RC, Padilha A, Pereira-Costa DP, Maia-Costa E, Dantas-Filho HC, Povoa MM, 2009. Vetores de malária em duas reservas indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira. Saúde Pública 43: 859–868.
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