Author:
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-
1.
Gooneratne BW, 1969. An additional note on the transmission of Dracunculus medinensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63: 546.
-
2.
Watts S, 2000. Dracunculiasis in the Caribbean and South America: a contribution to the history of dracunculiasis eradication. Med Hist 45: 227–250.
-
3.
Oldfield KA, 1835. On the diseases of the natives resident on the banks of the River Niger. Lond Med Surg J 8: 403–406.
-
4.
Edungbola LD, Watts SJ, Kale OO, 1988. The distribution of dracunculiasis in Nigeria: a preliminary study. Int J Epidemiol 17: 428–433.
-
5.
Watts SJ, 1987. Dracunculiasis in Africa in 1986: its geographic extent, incidence, and at-risk population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37: 119–125.
-
6.
Edungbola LD, Withers PC, Braide EI, Kale OO, Sadiq LO, Nwobi BC, Alakija T, McConnon P, Hopkins DR, 1992. Mobilization strategy for guinea worm eradication in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 529–538.
-
7.
Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Downs P, Withers PC Jr, Roy S, 2008. Dracunculiasis eradication: neglected no longer. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 474–479.
-
8.
Edungbola LD, Braide EI, Nwosu AC, Aripo B, Gemade EI, Adeyemi KS, de Rooy C, 1987. Guinea Worm Control as a Major Contributor to Self-Sufficiency in Rice Production in Nigeria. New York: United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF/WATSAN/GW/2/87
-
9.
Onanuga B, Ifionu O, 1987. “Guinea Worm: A National Shame”. Concord (August 14): 14–21.
-
10.
Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, 1991. Strategies for eradication of dracunculiasis. Bull World Health Organ 69: 533–540.
-
11.
Kappus K, Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, 1991. A strategy to speed the eradication of dracunculiasis. World Health Forum 2: 220–225.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 1994. Dracunculiasis global surveillance summary 1993. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 69: 121–128.
-
13.
Nwosu AB, Ifezulike EO, Anya AO, 1982. Endemic dracontiasis in Anambra State of Nigeria: geographical distribution, clinical features, epidemiology and socio-economic impact of the disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 76: 187–200.
-
14.
Edungbola LD, 1983. Babana parasitic diseases Project II. Prevalence and impact of dracontiasis in Babana District, Kwara State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 310–315.
-
15.
Udonsi JK, 1987. Control of endemic dracontiasis by provision of water supply in rural communities of Imo State, Nigeria. Public Health 101: 63–70.
-
16.
Ilegbodu VA, Christensen BL, Wise RA, Kale O, Steele JH, Chambers LA, 1987. Age and sex differences in new and recurrent cases of guinea worm disease in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 674–676.
-
17.
Edungbola LD, Watts S, 1984. An outbreak of dracunculiasis in a peri-urban community of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Acta Trop 41: 155–163.
-
18.
Cairncross S, Braide EI, Bugri SZ, 1996. Community participation in the eradication of guinea worm disease. Acta Trop 61: 121–136.
-
19.
Tayeh A, Cairncross S, 1995. The reliability of retrospective studies using a one-year recall period to measure dracunculiasis prevalence in Ghana. Int J Epidemiol 24: 1233–1239.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 1986. Dracunculiasis global surveillance summary - 1985. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 61: 29–32.
-
21.
World Health Organization, 1988. Dracunculiasis global surveillance summary - 1987. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 63: 375–379.
-
22.
Hochberg N, Ruiz-Tiben E, Downs P, Fagan J, Maguire JH, 2008. The role of cases containment centers in the eradication of dracunculiasis in Togo and Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 722–728.
-
23.
Rwakimari JB, Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, 2006. Uganda's successful guinea worm eradication program. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 3–8.
-
24.
Njepuome NA, Hopkins DR, Richards FO Jr, Anagbogu IN, Pearce PO, Jibril MM, Okoronkwo C, Sofola OT, Withers PC Jr, Ruiz-Tiben E, Miri ES, Eigege A, Emukah EC, Nwobi BC, Jiya JY, 2009. Nigeria's war on terror: fighting dracunculiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis at the grassroots. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 691–698.
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Nigeria's Triumph: Dracunculiasis Eradicated
Emmanuel S. Miri
Emmanuel S. Miri
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Donald R. Hopkins
Donald R. Hopkins
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben
Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Adamu S. Keana
Adamu S. Keana
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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P. Craig Withers Jr.
P. Craig Withers Jr.
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Ifeoma N. Anagbogu
Ifeoma N. Anagbogu
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Lola K. Sadiq
Lola K. Sadiq
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Oladele O. Kale
Oladele O. Kale
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Luke D. Edungbola
Luke D. Edungbola
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Eka I. Braide
Eka I. Braide
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Joshua O. Ologe
Joshua O. Ologe
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Cephas Ityonzughul
Cephas Ityonzughul
The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; World Health Organization/Nigeria and Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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This report describes how Nigeria, a country that at one time had the highest number of cases of dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) in the world, reduced the number of cases from more than 653,000 in 1988 to zero in 2009, despite numerous challenges. Village-based volunteers formed the foundation of the program, which used health education, cloth filters, vector control, advocacy for safe water, voluntary isolation of patients, and monitored program interventions and cases reported monthly. Other factors in the program's success were strong governmental support, advocacy by a former head of state of Nigeria, technical and financial assistance by The Carter Center, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United Nations Children's Fund, the World Health Organization, and many other partners and donors. The estimated cost of the Nigerian program during 1988–2009 is $37.5 million, not including funding for water supply projects or salaries of Nigerian governmental workers.
Author Notes
Financial support: Most major donors are named in this report. Other in-kind donors to the Nigeria effort not named in the paper include Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Global Aero Logistics/North American Airlines, Norsk Hydro, Johnson and Johnson, Voice of America, and Daimler Benz. Donors to core funding for Guinea worm eradication via The Carter Center, some of which helped support activities in Nigeria, include the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; The World Bank; the governments of Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Norway, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates; the Kuwaiti Fund for Arab Economic Development; the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Fund for International Development; the Saudi Fund for Development, Mid-Continent University; the U.S. Peace Corps, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; the United Nations Foundation; the World Food Programme; the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation; the John C. and Karyl Kay Hughes Foundation; the John P. Hussman Foundation; the Chevron Corporation; the Franklin Mint; Vestergaard Frandsen; the YKK Corporation, and Henry McConnon.
Authors' addresses: Emmanuel S. Miri and Adamu S. Keana, The Carter Center, Jos, Nigeria, E-mails: cartercenterng@yahoo.com and adamusallau@yahoo.com. Donald R. Hopkins, Health Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: sdsulli@emory.edu. Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben, Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: eruizti@emory.edu. P. Craig Withers Jr., Program Support Health Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: cwither@emory.edu. Ifeoma N. Anagbogu, Nigeria Guinea Worm Eradication Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria, E-mail: ifechuba@yahoo.co.uk. Lola K. Sadiq and Cephas Ityonzughul, World Health Organization/Nigeria Disease Prevention and Control, United Nations House Plot 617/618, Diplomatic Zone Central Area District, Garki Abuja, Nigeria, E-mails: lolasadiq@yahoo.co.uk and ityonzughulc@ng.afro.who.int. Oladele O. Kale, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, E-mail: ookale@yahoo.com. Luke D. Edungbola, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, E-mails: lukeduns@skannet.com, lukeduns@yahoo.com, or lukeduns@unilorin.edu.na. Eka I. Braide, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, E-mail: ekanem_b@hotmail.com. Joshua O. Ologe, c/o Dr. Christy Omolehin, The Word Assembly, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, E-mail: ologe1955@yahoo.co.uk.
Reprint requests: Donald R. Hopkins, The Carter Center, 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307, E-mail: sdsulli@emory.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gooneratne BW, 1969. An additional note on the transmission of Dracunculus medinensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63: 546.
-
2.
Watts S, 2000. Dracunculiasis in the Caribbean and South America: a contribution to the history of dracunculiasis eradication. Med Hist 45: 227–250.
-
3.
Oldfield KA, 1835. On the diseases of the natives resident on the banks of the River Niger. Lond Med Surg J 8: 403–406.
-
4.
Edungbola LD, Watts SJ, Kale OO, 1988. The distribution of dracunculiasis in Nigeria: a preliminary study. Int J Epidemiol 17: 428–433.
-
5.
Watts SJ, 1987. Dracunculiasis in Africa in 1986: its geographic extent, incidence, and at-risk population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37: 119–125.
-
6.
Edungbola LD, Withers PC, Braide EI, Kale OO, Sadiq LO, Nwobi BC, Alakija T, McConnon P, Hopkins DR, 1992. Mobilization strategy for guinea worm eradication in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 529–538.
-
7.
Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Downs P, Withers PC Jr, Roy S, 2008. Dracunculiasis eradication: neglected no longer. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 474–479.
-
8.
Edungbola LD, Braide EI, Nwosu AC, Aripo B, Gemade EI, Adeyemi KS, de Rooy C, 1987. Guinea Worm Control as a Major Contributor to Self-Sufficiency in Rice Production in Nigeria. New York: United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF/WATSAN/GW/2/87
-
9.
Onanuga B, Ifionu O, 1987. “Guinea Worm: A National Shame”. Concord (August 14): 14–21.
-
10.
Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, 1991. Strategies for eradication of dracunculiasis. Bull World Health Organ 69: 533–540.
-
11.
Kappus K, Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, 1991. A strategy to speed the eradication of dracunculiasis. World Health Forum 2: 220–225.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 1994. Dracunculiasis global surveillance summary 1993. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 69: 121–128.
-
13.
Nwosu AB, Ifezulike EO, Anya AO, 1982. Endemic dracontiasis in Anambra State of Nigeria: geographical distribution, clinical features, epidemiology and socio-economic impact of the disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 76: 187–200.
-
14.
Edungbola LD, 1983. Babana parasitic diseases Project II. Prevalence and impact of dracontiasis in Babana District, Kwara State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 310–315.
-
15.
Udonsi JK, 1987. Control of endemic dracontiasis by provision of water supply in rural communities of Imo State, Nigeria. Public Health 101: 63–70.
-
16.
Ilegbodu VA, Christensen BL, Wise RA, Kale O, Steele JH, Chambers LA, 1987. Age and sex differences in new and recurrent cases of guinea worm disease in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 674–676.
-
17.
Edungbola LD, Watts S, 1984. An outbreak of dracunculiasis in a peri-urban community of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Acta Trop 41: 155–163.
-
18.
Cairncross S, Braide EI, Bugri SZ, 1996. Community participation in the eradication of guinea worm disease. Acta Trop 61: 121–136.
-
19.
Tayeh A, Cairncross S, 1995. The reliability of retrospective studies using a one-year recall period to measure dracunculiasis prevalence in Ghana. Int J Epidemiol 24: 1233–1239.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 1986. Dracunculiasis global surveillance summary - 1985. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 61: 29–32.
-
21.
World Health Organization, 1988. Dracunculiasis global surveillance summary - 1987. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 63: 375–379.
-
22.
Hochberg N, Ruiz-Tiben E, Downs P, Fagan J, Maguire JH, 2008. The role of cases containment centers in the eradication of dracunculiasis in Togo and Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 722–728.
-
23.
Rwakimari JB, Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, 2006. Uganda's successful guinea worm eradication program. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 3–8.
-
24.
Njepuome NA, Hopkins DR, Richards FO Jr, Anagbogu IN, Pearce PO, Jibril MM, Okoronkwo C, Sofola OT, Withers PC Jr, Ruiz-Tiben E, Miri ES, Eigege A, Emukah EC, Nwobi BC, Jiya JY, 2009. Nigeria's war on terror: fighting dracunculiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis at the grassroots. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 691–698.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 59 | 59 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 454 | 148 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 93 | 40 | 0 |