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Hepatitis B Infection and Association with Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Peru
To assess the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Peru, we evaluated the prevalence and associated risk factors for HBV serologic markers among participants of a HIV sentinel surveillance conducted in 2002–2003. The standardized prevalences for total antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were 20.2% and 2.8%, respectively. Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection had significantly higher anti-HBc (44.3% versus 19.3%) and HBsAg (9.5% versus 2.3%) prevalences than uninfected men. Increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.06), versatile sexual role (AOR = 1.59), sex in exchange for money/gifts (AOR = 1.58), syphilis (AOR = 1.74), HIV-1 infection (AOR = 1.64), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2, AOR = 2.77) infection were independently associated with anti-HBc positivity, whereas only HIV-1 infection (AOR = 3.51) and generalized lymph node enlargement (AOR = 3.72) were associated with HBsAg positivity. Pre-existing HBV infection is very common among Peruvian MSM and was correlated with sexual risk factors. MSM in Peru constitute a target population for further HBV preventive and treatment interventions.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Javier R. Lama, Juan V. Guanira, Carmela Ganoza, and Jorge Sanchez, Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru, E-mails: jrlama@impactaperu.org, jguanira@impactaperu.org, cganoza@impactaperu.org, and jsanchez@impactaperu.org. Hellen S. Agurto, Clinica de Dia Avendaño, Lima, Peru, E-mail: hellenagurto@hotmail.com. Martin Casapia, Asociacion Civil Selva Amazonica, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru, E-mail: mcasapia@acsaperu.org. Nora Ojeda, Asociacion de Servicios Generales de Salud y Educacion, Piura, Peru, E-mail: nojeda02@gmail.com. Abner Ortiz, Asociacion Civil Cayetano Heredia, Ucayali, Peru, E-mail: abnerortizrocca@yahoo.es. Victoria Zamalloa, Instituto Sur Peruano de Infectologia, Arequipa, Peru, E-mail: vzamalloat@gmail.com. Luis Suarez-Ognio, General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health of Peru, Lima, Peru, E-mail: lsuarez@dge.gob.pe. Cesar Cabezas, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health of Peru, Lima, Peru, E-mail: ccabezas@ins.gob.pe. Jose L. Sanchez, Division of GEIS Operations, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center and the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, E-mail: toti.sanchez@us.army.mil.