ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
OEPA, 2008. Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas. Available at: http://www.oepa.net/index.html. Accessed February 17, 2010.
-
2.
Fernández de Castro J, 1979. Historia de la oncocercosis. Salud Publica Mex 21: 683–695.
-
3.
Fernández de Castro J, 1967. La Oncocercosis y la Campaña Anti-oncocercosa en el Estado de Chiapas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
-
4.
Davies JB, 1968. A Review of Past and Present Aspects of Simulium Control in Mexico Together with Recommendations for the Future Conduct of Control Schemes and an Outline of an Erradication Scheme in the North Focus of Onchocerciasis in Chiapas State. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
-
5.
Vásquez-Castellanos JL, 1991. Cafeticultura e historia social de la oncocercosis en el Soconusco, estado de Chiapas, México. Salud Publica Mex 33: 124–135.
-
6.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
7.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1026–1033.
-
8.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lugo-Rodriguez L, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Unnasch TR, 2006. Entomological and serological assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the northern Chiapas focus (Mexico). Acta Entomol Serb (Suppl): 51–59.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catu E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
11.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Rodríguez MH, Margeli-López HM, Rivas-Alcalá AR, 1995. Effect of semiannual treatments of ivermectin on the prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus skin infection, ocular lesions, and infectivity of Simulium ochraceum populations in southern Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 429–434.
-
12.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Reyes-Villanueva F, 1994. Efecto de la ivermectina sobre la transmisión de Onchocerca volvulus en México. Salud Publica Mex 36: 281–290.
-
13.
Katholi CR, Toé L, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1995. Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by PCR screening of pools of black flies. J Infect Dis 172: 1414–1417.
-
14.
Williams CB, 1937. The use of logarithms in the interpretation of certain entomological problems. Ann Appl Biol 24: 404–414.
-
15.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F Jr, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R, 2008. Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 239–244.
-
16.
Lobos E, Weiss N, Karam M, Taylor HR, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251: 1603–1605.
-
17.
Lipner EM, Dembele N, Souleymane S, Alley WS, Prevots DR, Toe L, Boatin B, Weil GJ, Nutman TB, 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-Ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194: 216–221.
-
18.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Unnasch TR, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Morales-Castro AL, Peña-Flores GP, Orozco-Algarra ME, Arredondo-Jimenez JI, Richards F Jr, Vásquez-Rodríguez MA, García-Rendón V, 2010. Interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Oaxaca focus, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 21–27.
-
19.
Armitage P, Berry G, 1994. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
-
20.
Sauerbrey M, 2008. The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1 (Suppl): 25–29.
-
21.
Gonzalez RJ, Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Richards J, Zea-Flores G, Domínguez A, Sauerbrey M, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO, Lindblade KA, 2009. Successful interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Escuintla-Guatemala focus, Guatemala. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e404.
-
22.
Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Gonzalez R, Sauerbrey M, Zea-Flores G, Domínguez A, Oliva O, Catu E, Castro J, Lindblade KA, 2008. Evaluación Entomológica, Serológica y Oftalmológica para Demostrar la Eliminación de la Transmisión de Onchocerca volvulus en el foco de Huehuetenango. Guatemala: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Regional Office for Central America and Panama.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2009. Onchocerciasis (river blindness). Report from the eighteenth Weekly Epidemiological Record InterAmerican Conference on Onchocerciasis, November 2008. World Health Organization 84: 385–396.
-
24.
Wada Y, 1982. Theoretical approach to the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in Guatemala. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 35: 183–196.
-
25.
Porter CH, Collins RC, Brandling-Bennett AD, 1988. Vector density, parasite prevalence, and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 567–574.
-
26.
Weil GJ, Steel C, Liftis F, Li B-W, Mearns G, Lobos E, Nutman TB, 2000. A rapid-format antibody card test for diagnosis of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 182: 1796–1799.
-
27.
Collins RC, Ochoa JO, Cupp EW, Gonzales-Peralta C, Porter CH, 1992. Microepidemiology of onchocerciasis in Guatemala: dispersal and survival of Simulium ochraceum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 147–155.
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Lack of Active Onchocerca volvulus Transmission in the Northern Chiapas Focus of Mexico
Mario A. Rodríguez-Pérez
Mario A. Rodríguez-Pérez
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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Alfredo Domínguez-Vázquez
Alfredo Domínguez-Vázquez
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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Alba L. Morales-Castro
Alba L. Morales-Castro
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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Frank Richards Jr.
Frank Richards Jr.
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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Graciela P. Peña-Flores
Graciela P. Peña-Flores
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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María Eugenia Orozco-Algarra
María Eugenia Orozco-Algarra
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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Gibert Prado-Velasco
Gibert Prado-Velasco
Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, River Blindness Program of The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, México Distrito Federal Instituto de Salud del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
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The northern Chiapas onchocerciasis focus has undergone 11 years of ivermectin mass treatment. No evidence of microfilariae in the cornea and/or anterior chamber of the eye or in skin snips was seen in residents examined in 2006 in two sentinel communities (upper limit of the 95% confidence interval [UL 95% CI] = 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively). In children 10 and under, 0 of 305 were found to harbor antibodies to Ov16, a marker of parasite exposure; 0 of 4,400 Simulium ochraceum s.l. collected in 2005 contained parasite DNA, giving an UL 95% CI for the infective rate of 0.9/2,000, and an UL 95% CI of the seasonal transmission potential of 1.2 L3/person. These data, assumed to be representative of the focus as a whole, suggest that there is no ongoing transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the northern Chiapas focus. Community-wide treatments with ivermectin were halted in 2008, and a post-treatment surveillance phase was initiated.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-México (Grant 874080) and the Onchocerciasis Elimination Programme for the Americas (The Carter Center). The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, and Merck & Co supported local workers, lab supplies, and technicians. Merck & Co, through the Mectizan Donation Program, has donated all the ivermectin over the years. M.A.R.-P. holds a scholarship from Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas/Instituto Politécnico Nacional. The Division of Vector Borne Diseases of Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, the Ministry of Health Mexico, and the Health Services of the State of Chiapas also supported this study.
Authors' addresses: Mario A. Rodríguez-Pérez, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro esquina Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, E-mail: drmarodriguez@hotmail.com. Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. Alfredo Domínguez-Vázquez and Alba L. Morales-Castro, Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas, Murano Center, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Frank Richards Jr., River Blindness Program, Carter Center, Atlanta, GA. Graciela P. Peña-Flores and María Eugenia Orozco-Algarra, Dirección de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, México D.F., México. Gibert Prado-Velasco, Instituto de Salud de Chiapas, Edificio “C” Unidad Administrativa, Calzada a la Ciudad Deportiva, Col. Centro, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
OEPA, 2008. Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas. Available at: http://www.oepa.net/index.html. Accessed February 17, 2010.
-
2.
Fernández de Castro J, 1979. Historia de la oncocercosis. Salud Publica Mex 21: 683–695.
-
3.
Fernández de Castro J, 1967. La Oncocercosis y la Campaña Anti-oncocercosa en el Estado de Chiapas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
-
4.
Davies JB, 1968. A Review of Past and Present Aspects of Simulium Control in Mexico Together with Recommendations for the Future Conduct of Control Schemes and an Outline of an Erradication Scheme in the North Focus of Onchocerciasis in Chiapas State. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
-
5.
Vásquez-Castellanos JL, 1991. Cafeticultura e historia social de la oncocercosis en el Soconusco, estado de Chiapas, México. Salud Publica Mex 33: 124–135.
-
6.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
7.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1026–1033.
-
8.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lugo-Rodriguez L, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Unnasch TR, 2006. Entomological and serological assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the northern Chiapas focus (Mexico). Acta Entomol Serb (Suppl): 51–59.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
10.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catu E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
11.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Rodríguez MH, Margeli-López HM, Rivas-Alcalá AR, 1995. Effect of semiannual treatments of ivermectin on the prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus skin infection, ocular lesions, and infectivity of Simulium ochraceum populations in southern Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 429–434.
-
12.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Reyes-Villanueva F, 1994. Efecto de la ivermectina sobre la transmisión de Onchocerca volvulus en México. Salud Publica Mex 36: 281–290.
-
13.
Katholi CR, Toé L, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR, 1995. Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by PCR screening of pools of black flies. J Infect Dis 172: 1414–1417.
-
14.
Williams CB, 1937. The use of logarithms in the interpretation of certain entomological problems. Ann Appl Biol 24: 404–414.
-
15.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F Jr, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R, 2008. Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 239–244.
-
16.
Lobos E, Weiss N, Karam M, Taylor HR, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251: 1603–1605.
-
17.
Lipner EM, Dembele N, Souleymane S, Alley WS, Prevots DR, Toe L, Boatin B, Weil GJ, Nutman TB, 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-Ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194: 216–221.
-
18.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Unnasch TR, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Morales-Castro AL, Peña-Flores GP, Orozco-Algarra ME, Arredondo-Jimenez JI, Richards F Jr, Vásquez-Rodríguez MA, García-Rendón V, 2010. Interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Oaxaca focus, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 21–27.
-
19.
Armitage P, Berry G, 1994. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
-
20.
Sauerbrey M, 2008. The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1 (Suppl): 25–29.
-
21.
Gonzalez RJ, Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Richards J, Zea-Flores G, Domínguez A, Sauerbrey M, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO, Lindblade KA, 2009. Successful interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Escuintla-Guatemala focus, Guatemala. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e404.
-
22.
Cruz-Ortiz N, Rizzo N, Gonzalez R, Sauerbrey M, Zea-Flores G, Domínguez A, Oliva O, Catu E, Castro J, Lindblade KA, 2008. Evaluación Entomológica, Serológica y Oftalmológica para Demostrar la Eliminación de la Transmisión de Onchocerca volvulus en el foco de Huehuetenango. Guatemala: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Regional Office for Central America and Panama.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2009. Onchocerciasis (river blindness). Report from the eighteenth Weekly Epidemiological Record InterAmerican Conference on Onchocerciasis, November 2008. World Health Organization 84: 385–396.
-
24.
Wada Y, 1982. Theoretical approach to the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in Guatemala. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 35: 183–196.
-
25.
Porter CH, Collins RC, Brandling-Bennett AD, 1988. Vector density, parasite prevalence, and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 567–574.
-
26.
Weil GJ, Steel C, Liftis F, Li B-W, Mearns G, Lobos E, Nutman TB, 2000. A rapid-format antibody card test for diagnosis of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 182: 1796–1799.
-
27.
Collins RC, Ochoa JO, Cupp EW, Gonzales-Peralta C, Porter CH, 1992. Microepidemiology of onchocerciasis in Guatemala: dispersal and survival of Simulium ochraceum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 147–155.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
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| PDF Downloads | 82 | 6 | 0 |