WHO-UNICEF, 2005. World Malaria Report 2005. Available at: www.rollbackmalaria.org. Accessed July 2009.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated nets for malaria control: real gains. Bull World Health Organ 82: 85–91.
Hemingway J, Bates I, 2003. Malaria: past problems and future prospects. After more than a decade of neglect, malaria is finally back on the agenda for both biomedical research and public health politics. EMBO Rep 4: S29–S31.
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1003–1008.
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 121–127.
Carnevale P, Robert V, Snow R, Curtis C, Richard A, Boudin C, Pazart LH, Halna JM, Mouchet J, 1991. The impact of impregnated mosquito nets on prevalence and morbidity related to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 71 (Suppl 1): 127–150.
Carnevale P, Robert V, Boudin C, Halna JM, Pazart L, Gazin P, Richard A, Mouchet J, 1988. Control of malaria using mosquito nets impregnated with pyrethroids in Burkina Faso. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 81: 832–846.
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung¢ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1: 139–146.
Killeen GF, Smith TA, Ferguson HM, Mshinda H, Abdulla S, Lengeler C, Kachur SP, 2007. Preventing childhood malaria in Africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets. PLoS Med 4: e229.
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1: 147–154.
Binka FN, Indome F, Smith T, 1998. Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 80–85.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, Art. No.: CD000363. Available at: www.cochrane.org/reviews/…/ab000363.html. Accessed July 2009.
Chouaibou M, Simard F, Chandre F, Etang J, Darriet F, Hougard JM, 2006. Efficacy of bifenthrin-impregnated bednets against Anopheles funestus and pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae in north Cameroon. Malar J 5: 77.
Smith T, Killeen G, Lengeler C, Tanner M, 2004. Relationships between the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the intensity of transmission in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 80–86.
Noor AM, Moloney G, Borle M, Fegan GW, Shewchuk T, Snow RW, 2008. The use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural South Central Somalia. PLoS One 3: e2081.
Schwartz BS, Ribeiro JM, Goldstein MD, 1990. Anti-tick antibodies: an epidemiologic tool in Lyme disease research. Am J Epidemiol 132: 58–66.
Ribeiro JM, Makoul GT, Levine J, Robinson DR, Spielman A, 1985. Antihemostatic, antiinflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva of a tick, Ixodes dammini. J Exp Med 161: 332–344.
Ribeiro JM, Francischetti IM, 2003. Role of arthropod saliva in blood feeding: sialome and post-sialome perspectives. Annu Rev Entomol 48: 73–88.
Nascimento RJ, Santana JM, Lozzi SP, Araujo CN, Teixeira AR, 2001. Human IgG1 and IgG4: the main antibodies against Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) salivary gland proteins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 219–226.
Lane RS, Moss RB, Hsu YP, Wei T, Mesirow ML, Kuo MM, 1999. Anti-arthropod saliva antibodies among residents of a community at high risk for Lyme disease in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 850–859.
Rohousova I, Ozensoy S, Ozbel Y, Volf P, 2005. Detection of species-specific antibody response of humans and mice bitten by sand flies. Parasitology 130: 493–499.
Barral A, Honda E, Caldas A, Costa J, Vinhas V, Rowton ED, Valenzuela JG, Charlab R, Barral-Netto M, Ribeiro JM, 2000. Human immune response to sand fly salivary gland antigens: a useful epidemiological marker? Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 740–745.
Poinsignon A, Remoue F, Rossignol M, Cornelie S, Courtin D, Grebaut P, Garcia A, Simondon F, 2008. Human IgG antibody response to Glossina saliva: an epidemiologic marker of exposure to Glossina bites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 750–753.
Reunala T, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Palosuo K, Miyanij M, Ruiz-Maldonado R, Love A, Francois G, Palosuo T, 1994. Frequent occurrence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies against saliva of Aedes communis and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 104: 366–371.
Remoue F, Alix E, Cornelie S, Sokhna C, Cisse B, Doucoure S, Mouchet F, Boulanger D, Simondon F, 2007. IgE and IgG4 antibody responses to Aedes saliva in African children. Acta Trop 104: 108–115.
Peng Z, Rasic N, Liu Y, Simons FE, 2002. Mosquito saliva-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in 1059 blood donors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110: 816–817.
Das MK, Mishra A, Beuria MK, Dash AP, 1991. Human natural antibodies to Culex quinquefasciatus: age-dependent occurrence. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7: 319–321.
Remoue F, Cisse B, Ba F, Sokhna C, Herve JP, Boulanger D, Simondon F, 2006. Evaluation of the antibody response to Anopheles salivary antigens as a potential marker of risk of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 363–370.
Cuamba N, Choi KS, Townson H, 2006. Malaria vectors in Angola: distribution of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex, their pyrethroid insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) status and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates. Malar J 5: 2.
Calzetta M, Santolamazza F, Carrara GC, Cani PJ, Fortes F, Di Deco MA, della Torre A, Petrarca V, 2008. Distribution and chromosomal characterization of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Angola. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 169–175.
Waitayakul A, Somsri S, Sattabongkot J, Looareesuwan S, Cui L, Udomsangpetch R, 2006. Natural human humoral response to salivary gland proteins of Anopheles mosquitoes in Thailand. Acta Trop 98: 66–73.
Noor AM, Mutheu JJ, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2009. Insecticide-treated net coverage in Africa: mapping progress in 2000-07. Lancet 373: 58–67.
Poinsignon A, Cornelie S, Mestres-Simon M, Lanfrancotti A, Rossignol M, Boulanger D, Cisse B, Sokhna C, Arca B, Simondon F, Remoue F, 2008. Novel peptide marker corresponding to salivary protein gSG6 potentially identifies exposure to Anopheles bites. PLoS One 3: e2472.
Darriet F, Guillet P, N¢Guessan R, Doannio JM, Koffi A, Konan LY, Carnevale P, 1998. Impact of resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. to permethrin and deltamethrin on the efficacy of impregnated mosquito nets. Med Trop 58: 349–354.
Mboera LE, Kihonda J, Braks MA, Knols BG, 1998. Short report: influence of centers for disease control light trap position, relative to a human-baited bed net, on catches of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 595–596.
Mbogo CN, Glass GE, Forster D, Kabiru EW, Githure JI, Ouma JH, Beier JC, 1993. Evaluation of light traps for sampling anopheline mosquitoes in Kilifi, Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 9: 260–263.
Chandre F, Manguin S, Brengues C, Dossou Yovo J, Darriet F, Diabate A, Carnevale P, Guillet P, 1999. Current distribution of a pyrethroid resistance gene (kdr) in Anopheles gambiae complex from West Africa and further evidence for reproductive isolation of the Mopti form. Parassitologia 41: 319–322.
N¢Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbeto M, Rowland M, 2007. Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 199–206.
Mbogo CN, Baya NM, Ofulla AV, Githure JI, Snow RW, 1996. The impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors of the Kenyan coast. Med Vet Entomol 10: 251–259.
Poinsignon A, Cornelie S, Remoue F, Grebaut P, Courtin D, Garcia A, Simondon F, 2007. Human/vector relationships during human African trypanosomiasis: initial screening of immunogenic salivary proteins of Glossina species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 327–333.
Cornelie S, Remoue F, Doucoure S, Ndiaye T, Sauvage FX, Boulanger D, Simondon F, 2007. An insight into immunogenic salivary proteins of Anopheles gambiae in African children. Malar J 6: 75.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 62 | 62 | 15 |
Full Text Views | 512 | 278 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 93 | 40 | 1 |
For the fight against malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the need for indicators to evaluate the efficacy of vector-control strategies. This study investigates a potential immunological marker, based on human antibody responses to Anopheles saliva, as a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Parasitological, entomological, and immunological assessments were carried out in children and adults from a malaria-endemic region of Angola before and after the introduction of ITNs. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to An. gambiae saliva were positively associated with the intensity of An. gambiae exposure and malaria infection. A significant decrease in the anti-saliva IgG response was observed after the introduction of ITNs, and this was associated with a drop in parasite load. This study represents the first stage in the development of a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vector-control strategies, which could apply in other arthropod vector-borne diseases.
Financial support: Papa M. Drame was supported by a fellowship provided by Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) (Département Soutien et Formation). Anne Poinsignon was supported by fellowships provided by the Research Ministry of France and François Lacoste. Sylvie Cornelie was supported by a fellowship from the Inkerman Foundation. This work was supported by Acer-Energy (Acergy)-Société Nationale de Métallurgie (Sonamet) Company (Malaria Control Program), the French Ministry of Defense (Délégation Générale pour l'Armement, DGA), and the IRD.
Authors' addresses: Papa Makhtar Drame, IRD/CREC, 01 BP 4414 RP, Cotonou, Bénin, E-mail: papa-makhtar.drame@ird.fr. Anne Poinsignon, IRD-UR016, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, E-mail: a.poinsignon@uq.edu.au. Patrick Besnard, Sonamet Company, 15 Rua 1° dezembro, CP 479, Lobito, Benguela Provincia, Angola, E-mail: prbesnard@yahoo.fr. Jacques Le Mire, Sonamet Company, 15 Rua 1° dezembro, CP 479, Lobito, Benguela Provincia, Angola, E-mail: drjlemire@yahoo.fr. Maria A. Dos-Santos, Sonamet Company, 15 Rua 1° dezembro, CP 479, Lobito, Benguela Provincia, Angola, E-mail: doctor.lobito@sonamet.com. Cheikh S. Sow, Espoir pour la Santé, St. Louis, Sénégal, E-mail: cheikh.sow@espoir-sante.org. Sylvie Cornélie, IRD-UR016, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, E-mail: sylvie.cornelie@ird.fr. Vincent Foumane, LRP-OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroun, E-mail: vfoumane@yahoo.fr. Jean-Claude Toto, LRP-OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroun, E-mail: jctotofr@yahoo.fr. Mbacké Sembène, Département de Biologie Animale, BP 5005, FST-UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal, E-mail: sembene@ird.sn. Denis Boulanger, IRD-UMR145, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, E-mail: denis.boulanger@ird.fr. Francois Simondon, IRD-UMR145, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, E-mail: FSimondon@spmsd.com. Filomeno Fortes, National Malaria Control Program, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola, E-mail: filomenofortes@gmail.com. Pierre Carnevale, IRD-UR016, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, E-mail: pjcarnevale@gmail.com. Franck Remoue, IRD/CREC, 01 BP 4414 RP, Cotonou, Bénin, E-mail: franck.remoue@ird.fr.
WHO-UNICEF, 2005. World Malaria Report 2005. Available at: www.rollbackmalaria.org. Accessed July 2009.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated nets for malaria control: real gains. Bull World Health Organ 82: 85–91.
Hemingway J, Bates I, 2003. Malaria: past problems and future prospects. After more than a decade of neglect, malaria is finally back on the agenda for both biomedical research and public health politics. EMBO Rep 4: S29–S31.
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF, 2002. Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1003–1008.
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 121–127.
Carnevale P, Robert V, Snow R, Curtis C, Richard A, Boudin C, Pazart LH, Halna JM, Mouchet J, 1991. The impact of impregnated mosquito nets on prevalence and morbidity related to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 71 (Suppl 1): 127–150.
Carnevale P, Robert V, Boudin C, Halna JM, Pazart L, Gazin P, Richard A, Mouchet J, 1988. Control of malaria using mosquito nets impregnated with pyrethroids in Burkina Faso. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 81: 832–846.
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung¢ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1: 139–146.
Killeen GF, Smith TA, Ferguson HM, Mshinda H, Abdulla S, Lengeler C, Kachur SP, 2007. Preventing childhood malaria in Africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets. PLoS Med 4: e229.
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1: 147–154.
Binka FN, Indome F, Smith T, 1998. Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 80–85.
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, Art. No.: CD000363. Available at: www.cochrane.org/reviews/…/ab000363.html. Accessed July 2009.
Chouaibou M, Simard F, Chandre F, Etang J, Darriet F, Hougard JM, 2006. Efficacy of bifenthrin-impregnated bednets against Anopheles funestus and pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae in north Cameroon. Malar J 5: 77.
Smith T, Killeen G, Lengeler C, Tanner M, 2004. Relationships between the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the intensity of transmission in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 80–86.
Noor AM, Moloney G, Borle M, Fegan GW, Shewchuk T, Snow RW, 2008. The use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural South Central Somalia. PLoS One 3: e2081.
Schwartz BS, Ribeiro JM, Goldstein MD, 1990. Anti-tick antibodies: an epidemiologic tool in Lyme disease research. Am J Epidemiol 132: 58–66.
Ribeiro JM, Makoul GT, Levine J, Robinson DR, Spielman A, 1985. Antihemostatic, antiinflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva of a tick, Ixodes dammini. J Exp Med 161: 332–344.
Ribeiro JM, Francischetti IM, 2003. Role of arthropod saliva in blood feeding: sialome and post-sialome perspectives. Annu Rev Entomol 48: 73–88.
Nascimento RJ, Santana JM, Lozzi SP, Araujo CN, Teixeira AR, 2001. Human IgG1 and IgG4: the main antibodies against Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) salivary gland proteins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 219–226.
Lane RS, Moss RB, Hsu YP, Wei T, Mesirow ML, Kuo MM, 1999. Anti-arthropod saliva antibodies among residents of a community at high risk for Lyme disease in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 850–859.
Rohousova I, Ozensoy S, Ozbel Y, Volf P, 2005. Detection of species-specific antibody response of humans and mice bitten by sand flies. Parasitology 130: 493–499.
Barral A, Honda E, Caldas A, Costa J, Vinhas V, Rowton ED, Valenzuela JG, Charlab R, Barral-Netto M, Ribeiro JM, 2000. Human immune response to sand fly salivary gland antigens: a useful epidemiological marker? Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 740–745.
Poinsignon A, Remoue F, Rossignol M, Cornelie S, Courtin D, Grebaut P, Garcia A, Simondon F, 2008. Human IgG antibody response to Glossina saliva: an epidemiologic marker of exposure to Glossina bites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 750–753.
Reunala T, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Palosuo K, Miyanij M, Ruiz-Maldonado R, Love A, Francois G, Palosuo T, 1994. Frequent occurrence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies against saliva of Aedes communis and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 104: 366–371.
Remoue F, Alix E, Cornelie S, Sokhna C, Cisse B, Doucoure S, Mouchet F, Boulanger D, Simondon F, 2007. IgE and IgG4 antibody responses to Aedes saliva in African children. Acta Trop 104: 108–115.
Peng Z, Rasic N, Liu Y, Simons FE, 2002. Mosquito saliva-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in 1059 blood donors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110: 816–817.
Das MK, Mishra A, Beuria MK, Dash AP, 1991. Human natural antibodies to Culex quinquefasciatus: age-dependent occurrence. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7: 319–321.
Remoue F, Cisse B, Ba F, Sokhna C, Herve JP, Boulanger D, Simondon F, 2006. Evaluation of the antibody response to Anopheles salivary antigens as a potential marker of risk of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 363–370.
Cuamba N, Choi KS, Townson H, 2006. Malaria vectors in Angola: distribution of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex, their pyrethroid insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) status and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates. Malar J 5: 2.
Calzetta M, Santolamazza F, Carrara GC, Cani PJ, Fortes F, Di Deco MA, della Torre A, Petrarca V, 2008. Distribution and chromosomal characterization of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Angola. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 169–175.
Waitayakul A, Somsri S, Sattabongkot J, Looareesuwan S, Cui L, Udomsangpetch R, 2006. Natural human humoral response to salivary gland proteins of Anopheles mosquitoes in Thailand. Acta Trop 98: 66–73.
Noor AM, Mutheu JJ, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2009. Insecticide-treated net coverage in Africa: mapping progress in 2000-07. Lancet 373: 58–67.
Poinsignon A, Cornelie S, Mestres-Simon M, Lanfrancotti A, Rossignol M, Boulanger D, Cisse B, Sokhna C, Arca B, Simondon F, Remoue F, 2008. Novel peptide marker corresponding to salivary protein gSG6 potentially identifies exposure to Anopheles bites. PLoS One 3: e2472.
Darriet F, Guillet P, N¢Guessan R, Doannio JM, Koffi A, Konan LY, Carnevale P, 1998. Impact of resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. to permethrin and deltamethrin on the efficacy of impregnated mosquito nets. Med Trop 58: 349–354.
Mboera LE, Kihonda J, Braks MA, Knols BG, 1998. Short report: influence of centers for disease control light trap position, relative to a human-baited bed net, on catches of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 595–596.
Mbogo CN, Glass GE, Forster D, Kabiru EW, Githure JI, Ouma JH, Beier JC, 1993. Evaluation of light traps for sampling anopheline mosquitoes in Kilifi, Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 9: 260–263.
Chandre F, Manguin S, Brengues C, Dossou Yovo J, Darriet F, Diabate A, Carnevale P, Guillet P, 1999. Current distribution of a pyrethroid resistance gene (kdr) in Anopheles gambiae complex from West Africa and further evidence for reproductive isolation of the Mopti form. Parassitologia 41: 319–322.
N¢Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbeto M, Rowland M, 2007. Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 199–206.
Mbogo CN, Baya NM, Ofulla AV, Githure JI, Snow RW, 1996. The impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors of the Kenyan coast. Med Vet Entomol 10: 251–259.
Poinsignon A, Cornelie S, Remoue F, Grebaut P, Courtin D, Garcia A, Simondon F, 2007. Human/vector relationships during human African trypanosomiasis: initial screening of immunogenic salivary proteins of Glossina species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 327–333.
Cornelie S, Remoue F, Doucoure S, Ndiaye T, Sauvage FX, Boulanger D, Simondon F, 2007. An insight into immunogenic salivary proteins of Anopheles gambiae in African children. Malar J 6: 75.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 62 | 62 | 15 |
Full Text Views | 512 | 278 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 93 | 40 | 1 |