Monath TP, 1989. Yellow fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Fifth edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 139–231.
Monath TP, 2001. Yellow fever: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 1: 11–20.
Anonymous, 2006. Yellow fever situation in Africa and South America, 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81: 317–324.
Gould LH, Osman MS, Farnon EC, Griffith KS, Godsey MS, Karsch S, Mulenda B, El Kholy A, Gradesso F, de Radigues X, Brair M, Briand S, El-Tayeb EM, Hayes EB, Zeller H, Perea W, 2008. An outbreak of yellow fever with concurrent chikungunya virus transmission in South Kordofan, Sudan, 2005. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 1247–1254.
Findlay GM, 1941. Yellow fever and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: the differential diagnosis of yellow fever. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 35: 149–169.
Badini M, Hardan H, Yakub M, Emedo E, 2006. Report on Yellow Fever Campaign in South Kordofan State, Sudan, November 26th–December 12th, 2005. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/sudan/Media/PDF/Yellow%20Fever%20Campaign%20Report%20final.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2006.
Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1823–1826.
Johnson AJ, Martin DA, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin G by using a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1827–1831.
Johnson AJ, Noga AJ, Kosoy O, Lanciotti RS, Johnson AA, Biggerstaff BJ, 2005. Duplex microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-West Nile virus and anti-St. Louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 566–574.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Schmidt NJ, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, Lennette EH, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association Press, 204–205.
Kirk R, 1941. An epidemic of yellow fever in the Nuba mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 35: 67–113.
Sérié C, Andral L, Lindrec A, Neri P, 1964. Epidemic of yellow fever in Ethiopia (1960–1962). Preliminary Study. Bull World Health Organ 30: 299–319.
Okello GB, Agata N, Ouma J, Cherogony SC, Tukei PM, Ochieng W, den Boer JW, Sanders EJ, 1993. Outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya. Lancet 341: 489.
Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Kuria G, Ademba G, Agata NN, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Reiter P, Moore PS, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. I. Epidemiologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 644–649.
Reiter P, Cordellier R, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Savage HM, Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Agata NN, Gitau LG, Rapuoda BA, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. II. Entomologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 650–656.
Onyango CO, Ofula VO, Sang RC, Konongoi SL, Sow A, De Cock KM, Tukei PM, Okoth FA, Swanepoel R, Burt FJ, Waters NC, Coldren RL, 2004. Yellow fever outbreak, Imatong, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1063–1068.
Onyango CO, Grobbelaar AA, Gibson GV, Sang RC, Sow A, Swaneopel R, Burt FJ, 2004. Yellow fever outbreak, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1668–1670.
Salim AR, Porterfield JS, 1973. A serological survey on arbovirus antibodies in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67: 206–210.
Watts DM, el-Tigani A, Botros BA, Salib AW, Olson JG, McCarthy M, Ksiazek TG, 1994. Arthropod-borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in the northern province of Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 228–230.
McCarthy MC, Haberberger RL, Salib AW, Soliman BA, El-Tigani A, Khalid IO, Watts DM, 1996. Evaluation of arthropod-borne viruses and other infectious disease pathogens as the causes of febrile illnesses in the Khartoum Province of Sudan. J Med Virol 48: 141–146.
Monath TP, Craven RB, Muth DJ, Trautt CJ, Calisher CH, Fitzgerald SA, 1980. Limitations of the complement-fixation test for distinguishing naturally acquired from vaccine-induced yellow fever infection in flavivirus-hyperendemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 624–634.
Nasidi A, Monath TP, DeCock K, Tomori O, Cordellier R, Olaleye OD, Harry TO, Adeniyi JA, Sorungbe AO, Ajose-Coker AO, van Der Laan G, Oyediran ABO, 1989. Urban yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 401–406.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and o'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81: 471–479.
Monath TP, 2004. Yellow fever vaccine. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, eds. Vaccines. Fourth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1095–1176.
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From September through early December 2005, an outbreak of yellow fever (YF) occurred in South Kordofan, Sudan, resulting in a mass YF vaccination campaign. In late December 2005, we conducted a serosurvey to assess YF vaccine coverage and to better define the epidemiology of the outbreak in an index village. Of 552 persons enrolled, 95% reported recent YF vaccination, and 25% reported febrile illness during the outbreak period: 13% reported YF-like illness, 4% reported severe YF-like illness, and 12% reported chikungunya-like illness. Of 87 persons who provided blood samples, all had positive YF serologic results, including three who had never been vaccinated. There was also serologic evidence of recent or prior chikungunya virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Sindbis virus infections. These results indicate that YF virus and chikungunya virus contributed to the outbreak. The high prevalence of YF antibody among vaccinees indicates that vaccination was effectively implemented in this remotely located population.
Authors' addresses: Eileen C. Farnon, Divison of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: efarnon@cdc.gov. L. Hannah Gould, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: dvj9@cdc.gov. Kevin S. Griffith, Amanda J. Panella, Olga Kosoy, Janeen J. Laven, and Marvin S. Godsey, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: kkg8@cdc.gov, apanella@cdc.gov, okosoy@cdc.gov, jlaven@cdc.gov, and mjg9@cdc.gov. Magdi S. Osman, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: mgdosman@yahoo.com. Amgad El Kholy, World Health Organization-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: elkholya@sud.emro.who.int. Maria-Emanuela Brair, South Kordofan United Nations Population Fund, Kadugli, Sudan, E-mail: briar@unfpa.org. William Perea, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, E-mail: pereaw@who.int. Edward B. Hayes, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: ned.hayes@cresib.cat.
Monath TP, 1989. Yellow fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Fifth edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 139–231.
Monath TP, 2001. Yellow fever: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 1: 11–20.
Anonymous, 2006. Yellow fever situation in Africa and South America, 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81: 317–324.
Gould LH, Osman MS, Farnon EC, Griffith KS, Godsey MS, Karsch S, Mulenda B, El Kholy A, Gradesso F, de Radigues X, Brair M, Briand S, El-Tayeb EM, Hayes EB, Zeller H, Perea W, 2008. An outbreak of yellow fever with concurrent chikungunya virus transmission in South Kordofan, Sudan, 2005. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 1247–1254.
Findlay GM, 1941. Yellow fever and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: the differential diagnosis of yellow fever. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 35: 149–169.
Badini M, Hardan H, Yakub M, Emedo E, 2006. Report on Yellow Fever Campaign in South Kordofan State, Sudan, November 26th–December 12th, 2005. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/sudan/Media/PDF/Yellow%20Fever%20Campaign%20Report%20final.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2006.
Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1823–1826.
Johnson AJ, Martin DA, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin G by using a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1827–1831.
Johnson AJ, Noga AJ, Kosoy O, Lanciotti RS, Johnson AA, Biggerstaff BJ, 2005. Duplex microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-West Nile virus and anti-St. Louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 566–574.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Schmidt NJ, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, Lennette EH, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association Press, 204–205.
Kirk R, 1941. An epidemic of yellow fever in the Nuba mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 35: 67–113.
Sérié C, Andral L, Lindrec A, Neri P, 1964. Epidemic of yellow fever in Ethiopia (1960–1962). Preliminary Study. Bull World Health Organ 30: 299–319.
Okello GB, Agata N, Ouma J, Cherogony SC, Tukei PM, Ochieng W, den Boer JW, Sanders EJ, 1993. Outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya. Lancet 341: 489.
Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Kuria G, Ademba G, Agata NN, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Reiter P, Moore PS, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. I. Epidemiologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 644–649.
Reiter P, Cordellier R, Ouma JO, Cropp CB, Savage HM, Sanders EJ, Marfin AA, Tukei PM, Agata NN, Gitau LG, Rapuoda BA, Gubler DJ, 1998. First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992–1993. II. Entomologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 650–656.
Onyango CO, Ofula VO, Sang RC, Konongoi SL, Sow A, De Cock KM, Tukei PM, Okoth FA, Swanepoel R, Burt FJ, Waters NC, Coldren RL, 2004. Yellow fever outbreak, Imatong, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1063–1068.
Onyango CO, Grobbelaar AA, Gibson GV, Sang RC, Sow A, Swaneopel R, Burt FJ, 2004. Yellow fever outbreak, southern Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1668–1670.
Salim AR, Porterfield JS, 1973. A serological survey on arbovirus antibodies in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67: 206–210.
Watts DM, el-Tigani A, Botros BA, Salib AW, Olson JG, McCarthy M, Ksiazek TG, 1994. Arthropod-borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in the northern province of Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 228–230.
McCarthy MC, Haberberger RL, Salib AW, Soliman BA, El-Tigani A, Khalid IO, Watts DM, 1996. Evaluation of arthropod-borne viruses and other infectious disease pathogens as the causes of febrile illnesses in the Khartoum Province of Sudan. J Med Virol 48: 141–146.
Monath TP, Craven RB, Muth DJ, Trautt CJ, Calisher CH, Fitzgerald SA, 1980. Limitations of the complement-fixation test for distinguishing naturally acquired from vaccine-induced yellow fever infection in flavivirus-hyperendemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 624–634.
Nasidi A, Monath TP, DeCock K, Tomori O, Cordellier R, Olaleye OD, Harry TO, Adeniyi JA, Sorungbe AO, Ajose-Coker AO, van Der Laan G, Oyediran ABO, 1989. Urban yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 401–406.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and o'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81: 471–479.
Monath TP, 2004. Yellow fever vaccine. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, eds. Vaccines. Fourth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1095–1176.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 585 | 458 | 21 |
Full Text Views | 323 | 9 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 131 | 11 | 0 |