ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED, 2004. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82: 346–353.
-
2.
World Health Organization. Typhoid Vaccine (Initiative for Vaccine Research). Available at: http://who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index7.html. Accessed December 4, 2009.
-
3.
Steffen R, Rickenbach M, Wilhelm U, Helminger A, Schar M, 1987. Health problems after travel to developing countries. J Infect Dis 156: 84–91.
-
4.
Parry CM, 2003. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella enterica. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16: 467–472.
-
5.
Health Protection Agency. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi Laboratory Reports (Cases Only). Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733753804. Accessed December 11, 2009.
-
6.
Cunha BA, 2000. The diagnostic significance of relative bradycardia in infectious disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 6: 633–634.
-
7.
Hardy A, 1993. The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine 1856–1900. Wotton-under-Edge, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
-
8.
Health Protection Agency, 2008. Pilot of Enhanced Surveillance of Enteric Fever in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, May 1, 2006 to April 30, 2007. London: Health Protection Agency.
-
9.
Clark TW, Daneshvar C, Pareek M, Perera N, Stephenson I, 2010. Enteric fever in a UK regional infectious diseases unit: a 10 year retrospective review. J Infect 60: 91–98.
-
10.
Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron MS; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2006. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354: 119–130.
-
11.
Provost S, Gagnon S, Lonergan G, Bui YG, Labbe AC, 2006. Hepatitis A, typhoid and malaria among travelers: surveillance data from Quebec (Canada). J Travel Med 13: 219–226.
-
12.
Meltzer E, Schwartz E, 2007. Enteric fever: an Israeli perspective. Isr Med Assoc J 9: 736–741.
-
13.
Ekdahl K, de Jong B, Andersson Y, 2005. Risk of travel-associated typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in various regions. J Travel Med 12: 197–204.
-
14.
Cooke FJ, Day M, Wain J, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ, 2007. Cases of typhoid fever imported into England, Scotland and Wales (2000–2003). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 398–404.
-
15.
Enteric Fever, England and Wales, 1981–1990, 1991. Commun Dis Rep (Lond) 1: 371–374.
-
16.
Walia M, Gaind R, Paul P, Mehta R, Aggarwal P, Kalaivani M, 2006. Age-related clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 942–948.
-
17.
Ivanoff B, Levine MM, Lambert PH, 1994. Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status. Bull World Health Organ 72: 957–971.
-
18.
Sinha A, Sazawal S, Kumar R, Sood S, Reddaiah VP, Singh B, Rao M, Naficy A, Clemens JD, Bhan MK, 1999. Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet 354: 734–737.
-
19.
Ackers ML, Puhr ND, Tauxe RV, Mintz ED, 2000. Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise. JAMA 283: 2668–2673.
-
20.
Angell SY, Cetron MS, 2005. Health disparities among travelers visiting friends and relatives abroad. Ann Intern Med 142: 67–72.
-
21.
Behrens R, 2003. Risk of Infectious Diseases in VFR's. Conference abstract. 8th Conference on International Travel Medicine; 2003; New York: International Society of Travel Medicine. Abstract No. SY12.03. Available at: http://www.istm.org/talley/Abstracts-symposia.pdf, p.17. Accessed March 30, 2010.
-
22.
Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, Dempsey AF, Hoekstra RM, Nelson JM, Ackers M, Calugar A, Mintz ED, 2004. Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention? Clin Infect Dis 39: 186–191.
-
23.
Maskey AP, Basnyat B, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Farrar JJ, Zimmerman MD, 2008. Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993–2003. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 91–95.
-
24.
Tankhiwale SS, Agrawal G, Jalgaonkar SV, 2003. An unusually high occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A in patients with enteric fever. Indian J Med Res 117: 10–12.
-
25.
Ochiai RL, Wang X, von Seidlein L, Yang J, Bhutta ZA, Bhattacharya SK, Agtini M, Deen JL, Wain J, Kim DR, Ali M, Acosta CJ, Jodar L, Clemens JD, 2005. Salmonella paratyphi A rates, Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1764–1766.
-
26.
Rodrigues C, Shenai S, Mehta A, 2003. Enteric fever in Mumbai, India: the good news and the bad news. Clin Infect Dis 36: 535.
-
27.
Vollaard AM, Ali S, van Asten HA, Ismid IS, Widjaja S, Visser LG, Surjadi Ch, van Dissel JT, 2004. Risk factors for transmission of foodborne illness in restaurants and street vendors in Jakarta, Indonesia. Epidemiol Infect 132: 863–872.
-
28.
Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B, 2006. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1247–1253.
-
29.
Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C, van Dissel JT, 2005. Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 440–450.
-
30.
Murdoch DR, Woods CW, Zimmerman MD, Dull PM, Belbase RH, Keenan AJ, Scott RM, Basnyat B, Archibald LK, Reller LB, 2004. The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 670–675.
-
31.
Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2002. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 347: 1770–1782.
-
32.
Schwartz E, Shlim DR, Eaton M, Jenks N, Houston R, 1990. The effect of oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination on the rate of infection with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A among foreigners in Nepal. Arch Intern Med 150: 349–351.
-
33.
Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S, 2005. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 366: 749–762.
-
34.
El Newihi HM, Alamy ME, Reynolds TB, 1996. Salmonella hepatitis: analysis of 27 cases and comparison with acute viral hepatitis. Hepatology 24: 516–519.
-
35.
Shetty AK, Mital SR, Bahrainwala AH, Khubchandani RP, Kumta NB, 1999. Typhoid hepatitis in children. J Trop Pediatr 45: 287–290.
-
36.
Threlfall EJ, Day M, de Pinna E, Lewis H, Lawrence J, 2006. Drug-resistant enteric fever in the UK. Lancet 367: 1576.
-
37.
Thaver D, Zaidi AK, Critchley J, Azmatullah A, Madni SA, Bhutta ZA, 2009. A comparison of fluoroquinolones versus other antibiotics for treating enteric fever: meta-analysis. BMJ 338: b1865.
-
38.
Dutta P, Mitra U, Dutta S, De A, Chatterjee MK, Bhattacharya SK, 2001. Ceftriaxone therapy in ciprofloxacin treatment failure typhoid fever in children. Indian J Med Res 113: 210–213.
-
39.
Tatli MM, Aktas G, Kosecik M, Yilmaz A, 2003. Treatment of typhoid fever in children with a flexible-duration of ceftriaxone, compared with 14-day treatment with chloramphenicol. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21: 350–353.
-
40.
Connor BA, Schwartz E, 2005. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travellers. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 623–628.
-
41.
Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, Parry CM, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Phuong CX, Ho VA, Diep TS, Farrar JJ, White NJ, Dougan G, 1999. Molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Vietnam: application to acute and relapse cases of typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 37: 2466–2472.
-
42.
Goh KT, 1981. An outbreak of paratyphoid A in Singapore: clinical and epidemiological studies. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12: 55–62.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 410 | 306 | 102 |
| Full Text Views | 384 | 17 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 149 | 8 | 1 |
Imported Enteric Fever: Case Series from the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
Trupti A. Patel
Trupti A. Patel
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Margaret Armstrong
Margaret Armstrong
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Stephen D. Morris-Jones
Stephen D. Morris-Jones
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Stephen G. Wright
Stephen G. Wright
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Tom Doherty
Tom Doherty
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Our current knowledge of the clinical characteristics of enteric fever is drawn mainly from population-based studies in disease-endemic countries, and there are limited data published on cases in returning travelers. We report the clinical characteristics of enteric fever in 92 travelers returning to London, United Kingdom. Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi resulted in an almost indistinguishable clinical picture. Rose spots and relative bradycardia were found only in a few patients. A total of 91% of the patients had a normal leukocyte count, which was associated with a markedly increased level of alanine aminotransferase in 82%. A total of 57% of the S. typhi isolates had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and resistance to nalidixic acid; these isolates were from southern Asia. Thirty percent were multidrug resistant; all were from southern Asia and Nigeria. None of the paratyphoid isolates were multidrug resistant but rates of decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones were higher than in S. typhi (74%).
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Trupti A. Patel, Margaret Armstrong, Stephen G. Wright, and Tom Doherty, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Centre, London, United Kingdom. Stephen D. Morris-Jones, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED, 2004. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82: 346–353.
-
2.
World Health Organization. Typhoid Vaccine (Initiative for Vaccine Research). Available at: http://who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index7.html. Accessed December 4, 2009.
-
3.
Steffen R, Rickenbach M, Wilhelm U, Helminger A, Schar M, 1987. Health problems after travel to developing countries. J Infect Dis 156: 84–91.
-
4.
Parry CM, 2003. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella enterica. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16: 467–472.
-
5.
Health Protection Agency. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi Laboratory Reports (Cases Only). Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733753804. Accessed December 11, 2009.
-
6.
Cunha BA, 2000. The diagnostic significance of relative bradycardia in infectious disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 6: 633–634.
-
7.
Hardy A, 1993. The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine 1856–1900. Wotton-under-Edge, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
-
8.
Health Protection Agency, 2008. Pilot of Enhanced Surveillance of Enteric Fever in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, May 1, 2006 to April 30, 2007. London: Health Protection Agency.
-
9.
Clark TW, Daneshvar C, Pareek M, Perera N, Stephenson I, 2010. Enteric fever in a UK regional infectious diseases unit: a 10 year retrospective review. J Infect 60: 91–98.
-
10.
Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron MS; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2006. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354: 119–130.
-
11.
Provost S, Gagnon S, Lonergan G, Bui YG, Labbe AC, 2006. Hepatitis A, typhoid and malaria among travelers: surveillance data from Quebec (Canada). J Travel Med 13: 219–226.
-
12.
Meltzer E, Schwartz E, 2007. Enteric fever: an Israeli perspective. Isr Med Assoc J 9: 736–741.
-
13.
Ekdahl K, de Jong B, Andersson Y, 2005. Risk of travel-associated typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in various regions. J Travel Med 12: 197–204.
-
14.
Cooke FJ, Day M, Wain J, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ, 2007. Cases of typhoid fever imported into England, Scotland and Wales (2000–2003). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 398–404.
-
15.
Enteric Fever, England and Wales, 1981–1990, 1991. Commun Dis Rep (Lond) 1: 371–374.
-
16.
Walia M, Gaind R, Paul P, Mehta R, Aggarwal P, Kalaivani M, 2006. Age-related clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 942–948.
-
17.
Ivanoff B, Levine MM, Lambert PH, 1994. Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status. Bull World Health Organ 72: 957–971.
-
18.
Sinha A, Sazawal S, Kumar R, Sood S, Reddaiah VP, Singh B, Rao M, Naficy A, Clemens JD, Bhan MK, 1999. Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet 354: 734–737.
-
19.
Ackers ML, Puhr ND, Tauxe RV, Mintz ED, 2000. Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise. JAMA 283: 2668–2673.
-
20.
Angell SY, Cetron MS, 2005. Health disparities among travelers visiting friends and relatives abroad. Ann Intern Med 142: 67–72.
-
21.
Behrens R, 2003. Risk of Infectious Diseases in VFR's. Conference abstract. 8th Conference on International Travel Medicine; 2003; New York: International Society of Travel Medicine. Abstract No. SY12.03. Available at: http://www.istm.org/talley/Abstracts-symposia.pdf, p.17. Accessed March 30, 2010.
-
22.
Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, Dempsey AF, Hoekstra RM, Nelson JM, Ackers M, Calugar A, Mintz ED, 2004. Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention? Clin Infect Dis 39: 186–191.
-
23.
Maskey AP, Basnyat B, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Farrar JJ, Zimmerman MD, 2008. Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993–2003. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 91–95.
-
24.
Tankhiwale SS, Agrawal G, Jalgaonkar SV, 2003. An unusually high occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A in patients with enteric fever. Indian J Med Res 117: 10–12.
-
25.
Ochiai RL, Wang X, von Seidlein L, Yang J, Bhutta ZA, Bhattacharya SK, Agtini M, Deen JL, Wain J, Kim DR, Ali M, Acosta CJ, Jodar L, Clemens JD, 2005. Salmonella paratyphi A rates, Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1764–1766.
-
26.
Rodrigues C, Shenai S, Mehta A, 2003. Enteric fever in Mumbai, India: the good news and the bad news. Clin Infect Dis 36: 535.
-
27.
Vollaard AM, Ali S, van Asten HA, Ismid IS, Widjaja S, Visser LG, Surjadi Ch, van Dissel JT, 2004. Risk factors for transmission of foodborne illness in restaurants and street vendors in Jakarta, Indonesia. Epidemiol Infect 132: 863–872.
-
28.
Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B, 2006. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1247–1253.
-
29.
Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C, van Dissel JT, 2005. Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 440–450.
-
30.
Murdoch DR, Woods CW, Zimmerman MD, Dull PM, Belbase RH, Keenan AJ, Scott RM, Basnyat B, Archibald LK, Reller LB, 2004. The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 670–675.
-
31.
Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2002. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 347: 1770–1782.
-
32.
Schwartz E, Shlim DR, Eaton M, Jenks N, Houston R, 1990. The effect of oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination on the rate of infection with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A among foreigners in Nepal. Arch Intern Med 150: 349–351.
-
33.
Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S, 2005. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 366: 749–762.
-
34.
El Newihi HM, Alamy ME, Reynolds TB, 1996. Salmonella hepatitis: analysis of 27 cases and comparison with acute viral hepatitis. Hepatology 24: 516–519.
-
35.
Shetty AK, Mital SR, Bahrainwala AH, Khubchandani RP, Kumta NB, 1999. Typhoid hepatitis in children. J Trop Pediatr 45: 287–290.
-
36.
Threlfall EJ, Day M, de Pinna E, Lewis H, Lawrence J, 2006. Drug-resistant enteric fever in the UK. Lancet 367: 1576.
-
37.
Thaver D, Zaidi AK, Critchley J, Azmatullah A, Madni SA, Bhutta ZA, 2009. A comparison of fluoroquinolones versus other antibiotics for treating enteric fever: meta-analysis. BMJ 338: b1865.
-
38.
Dutta P, Mitra U, Dutta S, De A, Chatterjee MK, Bhattacharya SK, 2001. Ceftriaxone therapy in ciprofloxacin treatment failure typhoid fever in children. Indian J Med Res 113: 210–213.
-
39.
Tatli MM, Aktas G, Kosecik M, Yilmaz A, 2003. Treatment of typhoid fever in children with a flexible-duration of ceftriaxone, compared with 14-day treatment with chloramphenicol. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21: 350–353.
-
40.
Connor BA, Schwartz E, 2005. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travellers. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 623–628.
-
41.
Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, Parry CM, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Phuong CX, Ho VA, Diep TS, Farrar JJ, White NJ, Dougan G, 1999. Molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Vietnam: application to acute and relapse cases of typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 37: 2466–2472.
-
42.
Goh KT, 1981. An outbreak of paratyphoid A in Singapore: clinical and epidemiological studies. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12: 55–62.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 410 | 306 | 102 |
| Full Text Views | 384 | 17 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 149 | 8 | 1 |