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Optimal Survey Designs for Targeting Chemotherapy Against Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Effect of Spatial Heterogeneity and Cost-Efficiency of Sampling
Implementation of helminth control programs requires information on the distribution and prevalence of infection to target mass treatment to areas of greatest need. In the absence of data, the question of how many schools/communities should be surveyed depends on the spatial heterogeneity of infection and the cost efficiency of surveys. We used geostatistical techniques to quantify the spatial heterogeneity of soil-transmitted helminths in multiple settings in eastern Africa, and using the example of Kenya, conducted conditional simulation to explore the implications of alternative sampling strategies in identifying districts requiring mass treatment. Cost analysis is included in the simulations using data from actual field surveys and control programs. The analysis suggests that sampling four or five schools in each district provides a cost-efficient strategy in identifying districts requiring mass treatment, and that efficiency of sampling was relatively insensitive to the number of children sampled per school.
Author Notes
Financial support: Hugh J. W. Sturrock is supported by a London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Graduate Teaching Assistantship, Peter W. Gething is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship held by Dr. Simon Hay at the University of Oxford (#079091), and Simon Brooker is supported by a Research Career Development Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (#081673).
Authors' addresses: Hugh J. W. Sturrock, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: hugh.sturrock@lshtm.ac.uk. Peter W. Gething, Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, E-mail: peter.gething@zoo.ox.ac.uk. Archie C. A. Clements, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; and Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia, E-mail: a.clements@uq.edu.au. Simon Brooker, Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: simon.brooker@lshtm.ac.uk.