ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 1998. Life in the Twenty-first Century: A Vision for All. The World Health Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Sundar S, 2001. Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health 6: 849–854.
-
3.
Swaminath CS, Shortt HE, Anderson LAP, 1942. Transmission of Indian kala-azar to man by bites of Phlebotomus argentipes Ann. and Brun. India. Indian J Med Res 30: 473–477.
-
4.
Kumar V, Kishore K, Palit A, Keshari S, Sharma MC, Das VN, Shivakumar S, Roy MS, Sinha NK, Prasad M, Kar SK, 2001. Vectorial efficacy of Phlebotomus argentipes in Kala-azar endemic foci of Bihar (India) under natural and artificial conditions. J Commun Dis 33: 102–109.
-
5.
Davies CR, Kaye P, Croft SL, Sundar S, 2003. Leishmaniasis: new approaches to disease control. BMJ 326: 377–382.
-
6.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5: 873–882.
-
7.
Billingsley PF, Baird J, Mitchell JA, Drakeley C, 2006. Immune interactions between mosquitoes and their hosts. Immunity 28: 143–153.
-
8.
Dinesh DS, Das P, Picado A, Davies C, Speybroeck N, Ostyn, Boelaert M, Coosemans M, 2008. Long-lasting insecticidal nets fail at household level to reduce abundance of sandfly vector Phlebotomus argentipes in treated houses in Bihar (India). Trop Med Int Health 13: 953–958.
-
9.
Barral A, Honda E, Caldas A, Costa J, Vinhas V, Rowton ED, Valenzuela JG, Charlab R, Barral-Netto M, Ribeiro JM, 2000. Human immune response to sand fly salivary gland antigens: a useful epidemiological marker? Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 740–745.
-
10.
Gomes RB, Brodskyn C, de Oliveira CI, Costa J, Miranda JC, Caldas A, Valenzuela JG, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2002. Seroconversion against Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva concurrent with the development of anti-Leishmania chagasi delayed-type hypersensitivity. J Infect Dis 186: 1530–1534.
-
11.
Rohousova I, Ozensoy S, Ozbel Y, Volf P, 2005. Detection of species-specific antibody response of humans and mice bitten by sand flies. Parasitol 130: 493–499.
-
12.
Gomes RB, Mendonça IL, Silva VC, Ruas J, Silva MB, Cruz MS, Barral A, Costa CH, 2007. Antibodies against Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva in the fox Cerdocyon thous and the sylvatic cycle of Leishmania chagasi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 127–133.
-
13.
Rohousová I, Volf P, 2006. Sand fly saliva: effects on host immune response and Leishmania transmission. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 53: 161–171.
-
14.
Volf P, Rohousova I, 2001. Species-specific antigens in salivary glands of phlebotomine sandflies. Parasitology 122: 37–41.
-
15.
Anderson JM, Oliveira F, Kamhawi S, Mans BJ, Reynoso D, Seitz AE, Lawyer P, Garfield M, Pham M, Valenzuela JG, 2006. Comparative salivary gland transcriptomics of sandfly vectors of visceral disease. BMC Genomics 7: 52.
-
16.
Peng Z, Ho MK, Li CH, Simmons FER, 2004. Evidence for natural desensitization to mosquito salivary antigens: mosquito saliva specific IgE and IgG levels in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 93: 553–556.
-
17.
Schwartz BS, Ford DP, Childs JE, Rothman N, Thomas RJ, 1991. Anti-tick saliva antibody: a biological marker of tick exposure that is a risk factor for Lyme disease seropositivity. Am J Epidemiol 134: 86–95.
-
18.
Volf P, Grubhoffer L, Hosek P, 1993. Characterisation of salivary gland antigens of Triatoma infestans and antigen-specific serum antibody responses in mice exposed to bites of T. infestans. Vet Parasitol 47: 327–337.
-
19.
Hostomska J, Rohousova I, Volfova V, Stanneck D, Mencke N, Volf P, 2008. Kinetics of canine antibody response to saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 443–450.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Full Text Views | 340 | 153 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 100 | 44 | 4 |
Measurement of Recent Exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes, the Vector of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis, by Using Human Antibody Responses to Sand Fly Saliva
Antibody (IgG) responses to the saliva of Phlebotomus argentipes were investigated using serum samples from regions of India endemic and non-endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). By pre-adsorbing the sera against the saliva of the competing human-biting but non-VL vector P. papatasi, we significantly improved the specificity of a P. argentipes saliva enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using this method, we observed a statistically significant correlation between antibodies to P. argenitpes saliva and the average indoor density of female sand flies. Additionally, the method was able to detect recent changes in vector exposure when sera from VL patients were assayed before, during, and after hospitalization and protected from sand fly bites under untreated bed nets. Collectively, these results highlight the utility of antibodies to P. argentipes saliva as an important tool to evaluate VL vector control programs.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Wellcome Trust, UK (advanced training fellowship, project WT078223MA to Matthew E. Rogers), the Indian Council of Medical Research (junior fellowship to Rajiv Kumar), the Czech Republic Ministry of Education (LC 06009 and MSM0021620828), and the European Union (Project 015374, KALANET).
Authors' addresses: Meredith F. Clements, Albert Picado, and Clive Davies, Department of Disease Vector Biology and Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: albert.picado@lshtm.ac.uk. Kamlesh Gidwani, Rajiv Kumar, and Shyam Sundar, Kala-azar Medical Research Center, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, E-mail: drshyamsundar@hotmail.com. Jitka Hostomska, Vera Volfova, and Petr Volf, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, E-mail: volf@cesnet.cz. Diwakar S. Dinesh, Vijay Kumar, and Pradeep Das, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Patna, Bihar, India, E-mail: dasp@cal2.vsnl.net.in. Ingrid Müller and Matthew E. Rogers, Division of Investigative Science, Department of Immunology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: matthew.rogers@imperial.ac.uk. Gordon Hamilton, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom, E-mail: j.g.c.hamilton@biol.keele.ac.uk. Marleen Boelaert, Unit of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: mboelaert@itg.be. Murari Das and Suman Rijal, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, E-mail: sumanrijal2@yahoo.com.