Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2004–2005. Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioral Survey (UHSBS). Availabe at: www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_uga.pdf.
-
2.
Talisuna AO, Erhart A, Samarasinghe S, Van Overmeir C, Speybroeck N, D'Alessandro U, 2006. Malaria transmission intensity and the rate of spread of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum: why have theoretical models generated conflicting results? Infect Genet Evol 6: 241–248.
-
3.
Okello PE, Van Bortel W, Byaruhanga AM, Correwyn A, Roelants P, Talisuna A, D'Alessandro U, Coosemans M, 2006. Variation in malaria transmission intensity in seven sites throughout Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 219–225.
-
4.
French N, Nakiyingi J, Lugada E, Watera C, Whitworth JA, Gilks CF, 2001. Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. AIDS 15: 899–906.
-
5.
Grimwade K, French N, Mbatha DD, Zungu DD, Dedicoat M, Gilks CF, 2004. HIV infection as a cofactor for severe falciparum malaria in adults living in a region of unstable malaria transmission in South Africa. AIDS 18: 547–554.
-
6.
Korenromp EL, 2005. Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1410–1419.
-
7.
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 314: 1603–1606.
-
8.
ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, van Eijk AM, Rogerson SJ, Steketee RW, 2004. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 41–54.
-
9.
Van Geertruyden JP, Mulenga M, Mwananyanda L, Chalwe V, Moerman F, Chilengi R, Kasongo W, Van Overmeir C, Dujardin JC, Colebunders R, Kestens L, D'Alessandro U, 2006. HIV-1 immune suppression and antimalarial treatment outcome in Zambian adults with uncomplicated malaria. J Infect Dis 194: 917–925.
-
10.
Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Yeka A, Bakyaita N, Nsobya SL, Francis D, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Havlir D, 2006. Effect of HIV-1 infection on antimalarial treatment outcomes in Uganda: a population-based study. J Infect Dis 193: 9–15.
-
11.
Mermin J, Ekwaru JP, Liechty CA, Were W, Downing R, Ransom R, Weidle P, Lule J, Coutinho A, Solberg P, 2006. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 367: 1256–1261.
-
12.
Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, Manlan K, N'Dri-Yoman T, Salamon R, 1999. Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet 353: 1463–1468.
-
13.
Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, Djomand G, Ackah A, Domoua K, Kadio A, Yapi A, Combe P, Tossou O, Roels TH, Lackritz EM, Coulibaly D, De Cock KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE, 1999. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353: 1469–1475.
-
14.
Chintu C, Bhat GJ, Walker AS, Mulenga V, Sinyinza F, Lishimpi K, Farrelly L, Kaganson N, Zumla A, Gillespie SH, Nunn AJ, Gibb DM, 2004. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364: 1865–1871.
-
15.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Kaharuza F, Culver D, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R, 2004. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet 364: 1428–1434.
-
16.
Eggena MP, Barugahare B, Okello M, Mutyala S, Jones N, Ma Y, Kityo C, Mugyenyi P, Cao H, 2005. T cell activation in HIV-seropositive Ugandans: differential associations with viral load, CD4+ T cell depletion, and coinfection. J Infect Dis 191:694–701.
-
17.
Gill CJ, Sabin LL, Tham J, Hamer DH, 2004. Reconsidering empirical cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for infants exposed to HIV infection. Bull World Health Organ 82: 290–297.
-
18.
Whitty CJ, Jaffar S, 2002. Plasmodium falciparum cross resistance. Lancet 359: 80.
-
19.
Kamya MR, Bakyaita NN, Talisuna AO, Were WM, Staedke SG, 2002. Increasing antimalarial drug resistance in Uganda and revision of the national drug policy. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1031–1041.
-
20.
Greenwood B, 2004. The use of anti-malarial drugs to prevent malaria in the population of malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 1–7.
-
21.
Dorsey G, Dokomajilar C, Kiggundu M, Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, 2004. Principal role of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in mediating resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in single-drug and combination therapy of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 758–763.
-
22.
Sibley CH, Hyde JE, Sims PF, Plowe CV, Kublin JG, Mberu EK, Cowman AF, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Nzila AM, 2001. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: what next? Trends Parasitol 17: 582–588.
-
23.
Kyabayinze D, Cattamanchi A, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2003. Validation of a simplified method for using molecular markers to predict sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure in African children with falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 247–252.
-
24.
Malamba SS, Mermin J, Reingold A, Lule JR, Downing R, Ransom R, Kigozi A, Hunt BM, Hubbard A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis taken by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons on the selection of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant malaria parasites among HIV-uninfected household members. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 375–380.
-
25.
Laufer MK, van Oosterhout JJ, Thesing PC, Thumba F, Zijlstra EE, Graham SM, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2006. Impact of HIV-associated immunosuppression on malaria infection and disease in Malawi. J Infect Dis 193: 872–878.
-
26.
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 565–568.
-
27.
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89: 1–8.
-
28.
Cuzick J, 1985. A Wilcoxon-type test for trend. Stat Med 4: 87–90.
-
29.
Bukirwa H, Yeka A, Kamya MR, Talisuna A, Banek K, Bakyaita N, Rwakimari JB, Rosenthal PJ, Wabwire-Mangen F, Dorsey G, Staedke SG, 2006. Artemisinin combination therapies for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. PLoS Clin Trials 1: e7.
-
30.
Francis D, Nsobya SL, Talisuna A, Yeka A, Kamya MR, Machekano R, Dokomajilar C, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Geographic differences in antimalarial drug efficacy in Uganda are explained by differences in endemicity and not by known molecular markers of drug resistance. J Infect Dis 193: 978–986.
-
31.
Iyer JK, Milhous WK, Cortese JF, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Lancet 358: 1066–1067.
-
32.
Triglia T, Menting JG, Wilson C, Cowman AF, 1997. Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 13944–13949.
-
33.
Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Achan J, Mebrahtu T, Ruel T, Kekitiinwa A, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Dorsey G, 2007. Effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and insecticide-treated bednets on malaria among HIV-infected Ugandan children. AIDS 21: 2059–2066.
-
34.
Thera MA, Sehdev PS, Coulibaly D, Traore K, Garba MN, Cissoko Y, Kone A, Guindo A, Dicko A, Beavogui AH, Djimde AA, Lyke KE, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, 2005. Impact of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on falciparum malaria infection and disease. J Infect Dis 192: 1823–1829.
-
35.
Roper C, Pearce R, Bredenkamp B, Gumede J, Drakeley C, Mosha F, Chandramohan D, Sharp B, 2003. Antifolate antimalarial resistance in southeast Africa: a population-based analysis. Lancet 361: 1174–1181.
-
36.
Dunyo S, Milligan P, Edwards T, Sutherland C, Targett G, Pinder M, 2006. Gametocytaemia after drug treatment of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Clin Trials 1: e20.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1677 | 1559 | 372 |
| Full Text Views | 291 | 16 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 14 | 1 |
Plasmodium falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihyropteroate Synthase Mutations and the Use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis among Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Samuel Malamba
Samuel Malamba
Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Coordinating Office for Global Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Samuel Malamba in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Samuel Malamba in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Taylor Sandison
Taylor Sandison
Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Coordinating Office for Global Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Taylor Sandison in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Taylor Sandison in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
John Lule
John Lule
Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Coordinating Office for Global Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by John Lule in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by John Lule in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Arthur Reingold
Arthur Reingold
Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Coordinating Office for Global Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Arthur Reingold in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Arthur Reingold in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jordan Walker
Jordan Walker
Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Coordinating Office for Global Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Jordan Walker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jordan Walker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Grant Dorsey
Grant Dorsey
Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Coordinating Office for Global Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Grant Dorsey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Grant Dorsey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jonathan Mermin
Jonathan Mermin
Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California; Coordinating Office for Global Health,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Jonathan Mermin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jonathan Mermin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
A prospective cohort design was used to measure the association between daily cotrimoxazole-prophylaxis and infection with Plasmodium falciparum containing mutations associated with antifolate resistance among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Tororo and Busia District, in eastern Uganda. Of 149 cases of P. falciparum parasitemia diagnosed, 147 (99%) (smears from participants taking prophylaxis = 91 and smears from those not taking cotrimoxazole prophylaxis = 56) were successfully assessed for mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutations associated with antifolate resistance. Prevalences of the dhfr pure triple mutant (74% and 70%; P = 0.71), the dhps pure double mutant (95% and 88%; P = 0.21), and the dhfr/dhps pure quintuple mutant (73% and 64%; P = 0.36), were not significantly different between those taking and those not taking cotrimoxazole-prophylaxis, respectively. The overall prevalence of the pure quintuple mutant in this study was 69%, which is among the highest in Africa. Although resistance rates of P. falciparum to antifolate drugs are high, cotrimoxazole-prophylaxis in HIV-infected persons was not associated with a higher prevalence of mutations associated with antifolate resistance.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by CDC and the United States Agency for International Development through the Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Samuel Malamba was supported by the Fogarty AIDS International Training and Research Program (1-D43-TW00003) at the University of California, Berkeley. Testing for molecular markers was supported by the Fogarty International Center/National Institutes of Health (TW00007).
Authors' addresses: Samuel Malamba and John Lule, Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda. Taylor Sandison, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Arthur Reingold, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA. Jordan Walker and Grant Dorsey, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA. Jonathan Mermin, Coordinating Office for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2004–2005. Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioral Survey (UHSBS). Availabe at: www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_uga.pdf.
-
2.
Talisuna AO, Erhart A, Samarasinghe S, Van Overmeir C, Speybroeck N, D'Alessandro U, 2006. Malaria transmission intensity and the rate of spread of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum: why have theoretical models generated conflicting results? Infect Genet Evol 6: 241–248.
-
3.
Okello PE, Van Bortel W, Byaruhanga AM, Correwyn A, Roelants P, Talisuna A, D'Alessandro U, Coosemans M, 2006. Variation in malaria transmission intensity in seven sites throughout Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 219–225.
-
4.
French N, Nakiyingi J, Lugada E, Watera C, Whitworth JA, Gilks CF, 2001. Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. AIDS 15: 899–906.
-
5.
Grimwade K, French N, Mbatha DD, Zungu DD, Dedicoat M, Gilks CF, 2004. HIV infection as a cofactor for severe falciparum malaria in adults living in a region of unstable malaria transmission in South Africa. AIDS 18: 547–554.
-
6.
Korenromp EL, 2005. Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1410–1419.
-
7.
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 314: 1603–1606.
-
8.
ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, van Eijk AM, Rogerson SJ, Steketee RW, 2004. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 41–54.
-
9.
Van Geertruyden JP, Mulenga M, Mwananyanda L, Chalwe V, Moerman F, Chilengi R, Kasongo W, Van Overmeir C, Dujardin JC, Colebunders R, Kestens L, D'Alessandro U, 2006. HIV-1 immune suppression and antimalarial treatment outcome in Zambian adults with uncomplicated malaria. J Infect Dis 194: 917–925.
-
10.
Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Yeka A, Bakyaita N, Nsobya SL, Francis D, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Havlir D, 2006. Effect of HIV-1 infection on antimalarial treatment outcomes in Uganda: a population-based study. J Infect Dis 193: 9–15.
-
11.
Mermin J, Ekwaru JP, Liechty CA, Were W, Downing R, Ransom R, Weidle P, Lule J, Coutinho A, Solberg P, 2006. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 367: 1256–1261.
-
12.
Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, Manlan K, N'Dri-Yoman T, Salamon R, 1999. Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet 353: 1463–1468.
-
13.
Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, Djomand G, Ackah A, Domoua K, Kadio A, Yapi A, Combe P, Tossou O, Roels TH, Lackritz EM, Coulibaly D, De Cock KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE, 1999. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353: 1469–1475.
-
14.
Chintu C, Bhat GJ, Walker AS, Mulenga V, Sinyinza F, Lishimpi K, Farrelly L, Kaganson N, Zumla A, Gillespie SH, Nunn AJ, Gibb DM, 2004. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364: 1865–1871.
-
15.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Kaharuza F, Culver D, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R, 2004. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet 364: 1428–1434.
-
16.
Eggena MP, Barugahare B, Okello M, Mutyala S, Jones N, Ma Y, Kityo C, Mugyenyi P, Cao H, 2005. T cell activation in HIV-seropositive Ugandans: differential associations with viral load, CD4+ T cell depletion, and coinfection. J Infect Dis 191:694–701.
-
17.
Gill CJ, Sabin LL, Tham J, Hamer DH, 2004. Reconsidering empirical cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for infants exposed to HIV infection. Bull World Health Organ 82: 290–297.
-
18.
Whitty CJ, Jaffar S, 2002. Plasmodium falciparum cross resistance. Lancet 359: 80.
-
19.
Kamya MR, Bakyaita NN, Talisuna AO, Were WM, Staedke SG, 2002. Increasing antimalarial drug resistance in Uganda and revision of the national drug policy. Trop Med Int Health 7: 1031–1041.
-
20.
Greenwood B, 2004. The use of anti-malarial drugs to prevent malaria in the population of malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 1–7.
-
21.
Dorsey G, Dokomajilar C, Kiggundu M, Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, 2004. Principal role of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in mediating resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in single-drug and combination therapy of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 758–763.
-
22.
Sibley CH, Hyde JE, Sims PF, Plowe CV, Kublin JG, Mberu EK, Cowman AF, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Nzila AM, 2001. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: what next? Trends Parasitol 17: 582–588.
-
23.
Kyabayinze D, Cattamanchi A, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2003. Validation of a simplified method for using molecular markers to predict sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure in African children with falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 247–252.
-
24.
Malamba SS, Mermin J, Reingold A, Lule JR, Downing R, Ransom R, Kigozi A, Hunt BM, Hubbard A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis taken by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons on the selection of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant malaria parasites among HIV-uninfected household members. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 375–380.
-
25.
Laufer MK, van Oosterhout JJ, Thesing PC, Thumba F, Zijlstra EE, Graham SM, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2006. Impact of HIV-associated immunosuppression on malaria infection and disease in Malawi. J Infect Dis 193: 872–878.
-
26.
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 565–568.
-
27.
Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC, 1998. Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol 89: 1–8.
-
28.
Cuzick J, 1985. A Wilcoxon-type test for trend. Stat Med 4: 87–90.
-
29.
Bukirwa H, Yeka A, Kamya MR, Talisuna A, Banek K, Bakyaita N, Rwakimari JB, Rosenthal PJ, Wabwire-Mangen F, Dorsey G, Staedke SG, 2006. Artemisinin combination therapies for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. PLoS Clin Trials 1: e7.
-
30.
Francis D, Nsobya SL, Talisuna A, Yeka A, Kamya MR, Machekano R, Dokomajilar C, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Geographic differences in antimalarial drug efficacy in Uganda are explained by differences in endemicity and not by known molecular markers of drug resistance. J Infect Dis 193: 978–986.
-
31.
Iyer JK, Milhous WK, Cortese JF, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Lancet 358: 1066–1067.
-
32.
Triglia T, Menting JG, Wilson C, Cowman AF, 1997. Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 13944–13949.
-
33.
Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Achan J, Mebrahtu T, Ruel T, Kekitiinwa A, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Dorsey G, 2007. Effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and insecticide-treated bednets on malaria among HIV-infected Ugandan children. AIDS 21: 2059–2066.
-
34.
Thera MA, Sehdev PS, Coulibaly D, Traore K, Garba MN, Cissoko Y, Kone A, Guindo A, Dicko A, Beavogui AH, Djimde AA, Lyke KE, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, 2005. Impact of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on falciparum malaria infection and disease. J Infect Dis 192: 1823–1829.
-
35.
Roper C, Pearce R, Bredenkamp B, Gumede J, Drakeley C, Mosha F, Chandramohan D, Sharp B, 2003. Antifolate antimalarial resistance in southeast Africa: a population-based analysis. Lancet 361: 1174–1181.
-
36.
Dunyo S, Milligan P, Edwards T, Sutherland C, Targett G, Pinder M, 2006. Gametocytaemia after drug treatment of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Clin Trials 1: e20.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1677 | 1559 | 372 |
| Full Text Views | 291 | 16 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 14 | 1 |