ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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World Health Organization, 2009. Global Tuberculosis Control: Epidemiology, Strategy, Financing: WHO Report 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Kang'ombe CT, Harries AD, Ito K, Clark T, Nyirenda TE, Aldis W, Nunn PP, Semba RD, Salaniponi FM, 2004. Long-term outcome in patients registered with tuberculosis in Zomba, Malawi: mortality at 7 years according to initial HIV status and type of TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 829–836.
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3.
World Health Organization, 2007. Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment of Smear-Negative Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis among Adults and Adolescents. Recommendations for HIV-Prevalent and Resource-Constrained Settings. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Sinkala E, Gray S, Zulu I, Mudenda V, Zimba L, Vermund SH, Drobniewski F, Kelly P, 2009. Clinical and ultrasonographic features of abdominal tuberculosis in HIV positive adults in Zambia. BMC Infect Dis 9: 44.
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Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Ogata M, Kefer MP, Wittmann D, Aprahamian C, 1995. Prospective analysis of a rapid trauma ultrasound examination performed by emergency physicians. J Trauma 38: 879–885.
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Mateer J, Plummer D, Heller M, Olson D, Jehle D, Overton D, Gussow L, 1994. Model curriculum for physician training in emergency ultrasonography. Ann Emerg Med 23: 95–102.
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7.
Welz T, Hosegood V, Jaffar S, Bätzing-Feigenbaum J, Herbst K, Newell ML, 2007. Continued very high prevalence of HIV infection in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a population-based longitudinal study. AIDS 21: 1467–1472.
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Luzze H, Elliott AM, Joloba ML, Odida M, Oweka-Onyee J, Nakiyingi J, Quigley M, Hirsch C, Mugerwa RD, Okwera A, Johnson JL, 2001. Evaluation of suspected tuberculous pleurisy: clinical and diagnostic findings in HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative adults in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5: 746–753.
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10.
Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF, 2005. Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa. Epidemiol Infect 133: 393–399.
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Heller T, Goblirsch, Wallrauch C, Lessells R & Brunetti E 2010. Abdominal tuberculosis: sonographic diagnosis and treatment response in HIV-positive adults in rural South Africa. Int J Infect Dis (in press).
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Bussmann H, Koen E, Arhin-Tenkorang D, Munyadzwe G, Troeger J, 2001. Feasibility of an ultrasound service on district health care level in Botswana. Trop Med Int Health 6: 1023–1031.
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13.
Shah SP, Epino H, Bukhman G, Umulisa I, Dushimiyimana J, Reichman A, Noble VE, 2009. Impact of the introduction of ultrasound service in a limited resource setting: rural Rwanda 2008. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 9: 4.
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Ferraioli G, Meloni MF, 2007. Sonographic training program at a district hospital in a developing country: work in progress. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189: W119–W122.
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Zhou XH, Obuchowski NA, McClish DK, 2002. Statistical Methods in Diagnostic Medicine. First edition. New York: Wiley Interscience, 359–366.
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Short Course for Focused Assessment with Sonography for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Tuberculosis: Preliminary Results in a Rural Setting in South Africa with High Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis
Tom Heller
Tom Heller
Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Claudia Wallrauch
Claudia Wallrauch
Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Richard J. Lessells
Richard J. Lessells
Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Sam Goblirsch
Sam Goblirsch
Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Enrico Brunetti
Enrico Brunetti
Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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In Africa, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is common and poses diagnostic difficulties. Ultrasound is useful to find suggestive signs such as effusions or abdominal lymphadenopathy. Because trained radiologists are scarce in resource-poor settings, even this simple and relatively inexpensive diagnostic tool is frequently unavailable to patients in district hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa. We developed a focused protocol for assessment with sonography for HIV/TB and trained physicians in a rural district hospital in South Africa. In this pilot study, high levels of confidence in identifying specific signs were rapidly achieved and ultrasound was introduced into routine clinical practice.
Author Notes
Financial support: The Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies is supported by a core grant from the Wellcome Trust (grant no. 050534). The funding source had no involvement in the study design, analysis, writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit for publication.
Authors' addresses: Tom Heller, Hlabisa Hospital, Hlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal 3937, South Africa. Claudia Wallrauch and Richard J. Lessells, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa. Sam Goblirsch, Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Enrico Brunetti, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2009. Global Tuberculosis Control: Epidemiology, Strategy, Financing: WHO Report 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Kang'ombe CT, Harries AD, Ito K, Clark T, Nyirenda TE, Aldis W, Nunn PP, Semba RD, Salaniponi FM, 2004. Long-term outcome in patients registered with tuberculosis in Zomba, Malawi: mortality at 7 years according to initial HIV status and type of TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 829–836.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2007. Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment of Smear-Negative Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis among Adults and Adolescents. Recommendations for HIV-Prevalent and Resource-Constrained Settings. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Sinkala E, Gray S, Zulu I, Mudenda V, Zimba L, Vermund SH, Drobniewski F, Kelly P, 2009. Clinical and ultrasonographic features of abdominal tuberculosis in HIV positive adults in Zambia. BMC Infect Dis 9: 44.
-
5.
Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Ogata M, Kefer MP, Wittmann D, Aprahamian C, 1995. Prospective analysis of a rapid trauma ultrasound examination performed by emergency physicians. J Trauma 38: 879–885.
-
6.
Mateer J, Plummer D, Heller M, Olson D, Jehle D, Overton D, Gussow L, 1994. Model curriculum for physician training in emergency ultrasonography. Ann Emerg Med 23: 95–102.
-
7.
Welz T, Hosegood V, Jaffar S, Bätzing-Feigenbaum J, Herbst K, Newell ML, 2007. Continued very high prevalence of HIV infection in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a population-based longitudinal study. AIDS 21: 1467–1472.
-
8.
Altman DG, 1991. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. First edition. London: Chapman and Hall, 403–407.
-
9.
Luzze H, Elliott AM, Joloba ML, Odida M, Oweka-Onyee J, Nakiyingi J, Quigley M, Hirsch C, Mugerwa RD, Okwera A, Johnson JL, 2001. Evaluation of suspected tuberculous pleurisy: clinical and diagnostic findings in HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative adults in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5: 746–753.
-
10.
Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF, 2005. Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa. Epidemiol Infect 133: 393–399.
-
11.
Heller T, Goblirsch, Wallrauch C, Lessells R & Brunetti E 2010. Abdominal tuberculosis: sonographic diagnosis and treatment response in HIV-positive adults in rural South Africa. Int J Infect Dis (in press).
-
12.
Bussmann H, Koen E, Arhin-Tenkorang D, Munyadzwe G, Troeger J, 2001. Feasibility of an ultrasound service on district health care level in Botswana. Trop Med Int Health 6: 1023–1031.
-
13.
Shah SP, Epino H, Bukhman G, Umulisa I, Dushimiyimana J, Reichman A, Noble VE, 2009. Impact of the introduction of ultrasound service in a limited resource setting: rural Rwanda 2008. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 9: 4.
-
14.
World Health Organization, 1998. Training in diagnostic ultrasound: essentials, principles and standards. Report of a WHO study group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 875: i–46.
-
15.
Ferraioli G, Meloni MF, 2007. Sonographic training program at a district hospital in a developing country: work in progress. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189: W119–W122.
-
16.
Zhou XH, Obuchowski NA, McClish DK, 2002. Statistical Methods in Diagnostic Medicine. First edition. New York: Wiley Interscience, 359–366.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 386 | 301 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 363 | 14 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 161 | 17 | 3 |