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Leishmaniases and the Cyprus Paradox
Apostolos Mazeris
Apostolos Mazeris
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Ketty Soteriadou
Ketty Soteriadou
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Jean Pierre Dedet
Jean Pierre Dedet
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Christos Haralambous
Christos Haralambous
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Andreas Tsatsaris
Andreas Tsatsaris
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Joanna Moschandreas
Joanna Moschandreas
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Ippokratis Messaritakis
Ippokratis Messaritakis
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Vasiliki Christodoulou
Vasiliki Christodoulou
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Byron Papadopoulos
Byron Papadopoulos
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Vladimir Ivović
Vladimir Ivović
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Francine Pratlong
Francine Pratlong
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Fedias Loucaides
Fedias Loucaides
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Maria Antoniou
Maria Antoniou
Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece; Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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In Cyprus, leishmaniasis has been considered exclusively a veterinary problem. It was prevalent before 1945, and until its recent reemergence, it was nearly eradicated by 1996 as a consequence of the destruction of reservoir hosts and vectors. A survey carried out to provide an unbiased estimate of current transmission rates in dogs and humans showed a 9-fold increase in dog seroprevalence (reaching 14.9%) compared with 10 years ago. However, no human cases caused by Leishmania infantum were detected, although L. donovani cases were reported recently. The 62 strains isolated from dogs were typed as L. infantum MON-1 (98.4%), which is the predominating zymodeme in the Mediterranean region, and MON-98 (1.6%). The Phlebotomus species P. tobbi (vector of L. infantum in Cyprus), P. galilaeus, and P. papatasi were the predominant species captured. Two transmission cycles seem to run in parallel in Cyprus: in dogs with L. infantum and in humans with L. donovani.
Author Notes
Financial support: This project was funded by The Cyprus Research Promotion Foundation to which we are grateful. Part of the work was also supported by the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Central Health Council (KESY 2009). The analysis for this research was assisted by Clive Davies and Paul Ready and funded by European Union Grant GOCE-2003-010284 EDEN catalogue number EDEN0182.
Authors' addresses: Apostolos Mazeris and Fedias Loucaides, Laboratory for Animal Health, Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Athalassa, Nicosia, Cyprus, E-mails: amazeris@vs.moa.gov.cy and phedias.loucaides@cytanet.com.cy. Ketty Soteriadou and Christos Haralambous, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece, E-mails: ksoteriadou@pasteur.gr and christos@pasteur.gr. Jean Pierre Dedet and Francine Pratlong, Université Montpellier 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Reference des Leishmania, Montpellier, France, E-mails: parasito@univ-montp1.fr and f-pratlong@chu-montpellier.fr. Andreas Tsatsaris, Laboratory of GeoInformatics, Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Athens, Athens, Greece, E-mail: atsats@teiath.gr. Joanna Moschandreas, Biostatistics Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece, E-mail: joanna@med.uoc.gr. Ippokratis Messaritakis, Vasiliki Christodoulou, Byron Papadopoulos, and Maria Antoniou, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece, E-mails: imessar@edu.med.uoc.gr, vchristod@edu.med.uoc.gr, vpapad@med.uoc.gr, and antoniou@med.uoc.gr. Vladimir Ivović, Department of Parasitology, Serbian Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, E-mail: ivovic@imi.bg.ac.yu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dujardin JC, Campino L, Cañavate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Soteriadou K, Mazeris A, Ozbel Y, Boelaert M, 2008. Spread of vector-borne diseases and neglect of leishmaniasis, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1013–1018.
-
2.
Minter DM, Eitrem UR, 1989. Leishmaniasis. Hart DT, ed. The Current Status and New Strategies for Control, NATO ASI Series: Series A. Life Sciences. New York: Plenum Press, 207–216.
-
3.
Adler S, 1945. The sand flies of Cyprus (Diptera). Bull Entomol Res 36: 497–511.
-
4.
Leger N, Depaquit J, Ferté H, Rioux JA, Gantier JC, Gramiccia M, Ludovisi A, Michaelides A, Christophi N, Economides P, 2000. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera-Psychodidae) of the isle of Cyprus. II—Isolation and typing of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Nicolle, 1908 (zymodème MON-1) from Phlebotomus (Larroussius) tobbi Adler et Theodor, 1930. Parasite 7: 143–146.
-
5.
Constantinou K, 1998. Anopheles (malaria) eradication in Cyprus. Parassitologia 40: 131–135.
-
6.
Polydorou K, 1984. A short history of echinococcosis control in Cyprus. Hist Med Vet 9: 61–64.
-
7.
Deplazes P, Grimm F, Papaprodromou M, Cavaliero T, Gramiccia M, Christofi G, Christofi N, Economides P, Eckert J, 1998. Canine leishmaniosis in Cyprus due to Leishmania infantum MON 1. Acta Trop 71: 169–178.
-
8.
Leger N, Depaquit J, 2008. Leishmania donovani leishmaniasis in Cyprus. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 402.
-
9.
Alvar J, Cañavate C, Gutiérrez-Solar B, Jiménez M, Laguna F, López-Vélez R, Molina R, Moreno J, 1997. Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10: 298–319.
-
10.
Antoniou M, Haralambous C, Mazeris A, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Soteriadou K, 2008. Leishmania donovani leishmaniasis in Cyprus. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 6–7.
-
11.
Minodier P, Piarroux R, Gambarelli F, Joblet C, Dumon H, 1997. Rapid identification of causative species in patients with Old World Leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 35: 2551–2555.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 1991. Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology. Geneva: WHO.
-
13.
Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J, 1990. Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 65: 111–125.
-
14.
Haralambous C, Antoniou M, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Soteriadou K, 2008. Development of a molecular assay specific for the Leishmania donovani complex that discriminates L. donovani/Leishmania infantum zymodemes: a useful tool for typing MON-1. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60: 33–42.
-
15.
Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE, 1988 Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. 2nd ed. Boston: PWS-Kent: 512–516.
-
16.
Antoniou M, Haralambous C, Mazeris A, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Soteriadou K, 2009. Leishmania donovani leishmaniasis in Cyprus. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 76–77.
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