Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC, 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever: an undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 34: 545–579.
-
2.
Weiss KE, 1957. Rift Valley fever—a review. Bull Epizoot Dis Afr 5: 431–438.
-
3.
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285: 397–400.
-
4.
Francis T Jr, Magill TP, 1935. Rift Valley fever—a report of three cases of laboratory infection and the experimental transmission of the disease to ferrets. J Exp Med 62: 433–451.
-
5.
Peters CJ, 1997. Emergence of Rift Valley fever. Saluzzo JF, Dodet B, eds. Factors in the Emergence of Arboviruses. Paris: Elsevier, 253–264.
-
6.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agata NN, Peters CJ, WHO Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
7.
LaBeaud AD, Ochiai Y, Peters CJ, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2007. Spectrum of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Kenya: insights from three distinct regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 795–800.
-
8.
Abdel-Wahab KS, El Baz LM, El-Tayeb EM, Omar H, Ossman MA, Yasin W, 1978. Rift Valley fever virus infections in Egypt: pathological and virological findings in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72: 392–396.
-
9.
Al-Hazmi M, Ayoola EA, Abdurahman M, Banzal S, Ashraf J, El-Bushra A, Hazmi A, Abdullah M, Abbo H, Elamin A, Al-Sammani el T, Gadour M, Menon C, Hamza M, Rahim I, Hafez M, Jambavalikar M, Arishi H, Aqeel A, 2003. Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clin Infect Dis 36: 245–252.
-
10.
CDC, 2000. Outbreak of Rift Valley fever—Yemen, August–October 2000. MMWR 49: 1065–1066.
-
11.
Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, James AD, 1985. Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever. Bull World Health Organ 63: 941–943.
-
12.
Gear JHS, De Meillon B, Le Roux AF, Kofski R, Rose-Innes R, Steyn JJ, Oliff WD, Schulz KH, 1955. Rift Valley fever in South Africa: study of the 1953 outbreak in the Orange Free State, with special reference to the vectors and possible reservoir hosts. S Afr Med J 29: 514–518.
-
13.
Ksiazek TG, Jouan A, Meegan JM, Le Guenno B, Wilson ML, Peters CJ, Digoutte JP, Guillaud M, Merzoug NO, Touray EM, 1989. Rift Valley fever among domestic animals in the recent West African outbreak. Res Virol 140: 67–77.
-
14.
Al-Hazmi A, Al-Rajhi AA, Abboud EB, Ayoola EA, Al-Hazmi M, Saadi R, Ahmed N, 2005. Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmology 112: 313–318.
-
15.
Alrajhi AA, Al-Semari A, Al-Watban J, 2004. Rift Valley fever encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 554–555.
-
16.
Ayoola AE, Al-Hazmi MH, Michail NT, Aderoju A, Hafez MM, Banzal SB, 2003. Liver involvement in patients with moderately severe Rift Valley fever. Am J Gastroenterol 98: S92.
-
17.
Laughlin LW, Girgis NI, Meegan JM, Strausbaugh LJ, Yassin MW, Watten RH, 1978. Clinical studies on Rift Valley fever. Part 2: ophthalmologic and central nervous system complications. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 53: 183–184.
-
18.
Madani TA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Mishkhas AA, Al-Rabeah AM, Turkistani AM, Al-Sayed MO, Abodahish AA, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG, Shobokshi O, 2003. Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1084–1092.
-
19.
Peters CJ, Liu CT, Anderson GW Jr, Morrill JC, Jahrling PB, 1989. Pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever and Lassa fever contrasted. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S743–S749.
-
20.
Strausbaugh LJ, Laughlin LW, Meegan JM, Watten RH, 1978. Clinical studies on Rift Valley fever. Part I: acute febrile and hemorrhagic-like diseases. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 53: 181–182.
-
21.
Watts DM, el-Tigani A, Botros BA, Salib AW, Olson JG, McCarthy M, Ksiazek TG, 1994. Arthropod-borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in the northern province of Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 228–230.
-
22.
CDC, 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak—Kenya, November 2006–January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73–76.
-
23.
WHO, 2007. Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Somalia and United Republic of Tanzania, December 2006–April 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82: 169–178.
-
24.
Njenga MK, Paweska J, Wanjala R, Rao CY, Weiner M, Omballa V, Luman ET, Mutonga D, Sharif S, Panning M, Drosten C, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, 2009. Using a field quantitative real-time PCR test to rapidly identify highly viremic Rift Valley fever cases. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1166–1171.
-
25.
Logan TM, Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, Ksiazek TG, 1992. Rift Valley fever antibody in human sera collected after an outbreak in domestic animals in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 202–203.
-
26.
Morrill JC, Johnson BK, Hyams C, Okoth F, Tukei PM, Mugambi M, Woody J, 1991. Serological evidence of arboviral infections among humans of coastal Kenya. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 166–168.
-
27.
Lee MS, Hwang KP, Chen TC, Lu PL, Chen TP, 2006. Clinical characteristics of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in a medical center of southern Taiwan during the 2002 epidemic. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 39: 121–129.
-
28.
Schwartz E, Mendelson E, Sidi Y, 1996. Dengue fever among travelers. Am J Med 101: 516–520.
-
29.
Chretien JP, Anyamba A, Bedno SA, Breiman RF, Sang R, Sergon K, Powers AM, Onyango CO, Small J, Tucker CJ, Linthicum KJ, 2007. Drought-associated chikungunya emergence along coastal East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 405–407.
-
30.
Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Staikowsky F, Lory M, Le Moullec N, Becquart JP, Wengling C, Michault A, Paganin F, 2007. Outbreak of chikungunya on Reunion Island: early clinical and laboratory features in 157 adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 44: 1401–1407.
-
31.
Sergon K, Yahaya AA, Brown J, Bedja SA, Mlindasse M, Agata N, Allaranger Y, Ball MD, Powers AM, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Sang R, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, 2007. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus infection on Grande Comore Island, union of the Comoros, 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1189–1193.
-
32.
Taubitz W, Cramer JP, Kapaun A, Pfeffer M, Drosten C, Dobler G, Burchard GD, Loscher T, 2007. Chikungunya fever in travelers: clinical presentation and course. Clin Infect Dis 45: e1–e4.
-
33.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
34.
Davies FG, 1975. Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 75: 219–230.
-
35.
Peters CJ, Jahrling PB, Khan AS, 1996. Patients infected with high-hazard viruses: scientific basis for infection control. Arch Virol Suppl 11: 141–168.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 151 | 151 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 887 | 272 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 113 | 44 | 1 |
Severe Rift Valley Fever May Present with a Characteristic Clinical Syndrome
Summerpal S. Kahlon
Summerpal S. Kahlon
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Clarence J. Peters
Clarence J. Peters
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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James LeDuc
James LeDuc
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Eric M. Muchiri
Eric M. Muchiri
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Samuel Muiruri
Samuel Muiruri
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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M. Kariuki Njenga
M. Kariuki Njenga
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Robert F. Breiman
Robert F. Breiman
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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A. Clinton White Jr
A. Clinton White Jr
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Charles H. King
Charles H. King
Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; International Emerging Infections Program—Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is an emerging pathogen that is transmitted in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Egypt, and the Arabian peninsula. Outbreaks of RVF, like other diseases caused by hemorrhagic fever viruses, typically present in locations with very limited health resources, where initial diagnosis must be based only on history and physical examination. Although general signs and symptoms of human RVF have been documented, a specific clinical syndrome has not been described. In 2007, a Kenyan outbreak of RVF provided opportunity to assess acutely ill RVF patients and better delineate its presentation and clinical course. Our data reveal an identifiable clinical syndrome suggestive of severe RVF, characterized by fever, large-joint arthralgia, and gastrointestinal complaints and later followed by jaundice, right upper-quadrant pain, and delirium, often coinciding with hemorrhagic manifestations. Further characterization of a distinct RVF clinical syndrome will aid earlier detection of RVF outbreaks and should allow more rapid implementation of control.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for these studies and their analysis was provided in part by National Institutes of Health Grants U01AI45473 and U54AI057160.
Authors' addresses: Summerpal S. Kahlon, formerly Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, currently, Melbourne Internal Medicine Associates, Melbourne, FL, E-mail: summerpal.kahlon@mima.com. Clarence J. Peters, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mail: cjpeters@utmb.edu. James LeDuc, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mail: jwleduc@utmb.edu. Eric M. Muchiri and Samuel Muiruri, Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: ericmmuchiri@gmail.com and muiruri1001@yahoo.ca. M. Kariuki Njenga, Global Disease Detection Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya, E-mail: Knjenga@ke.cdc.gov. Robert F. Breiman, IEIP, CDC/KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: rbreiman@ke.cdc.gov. A. Clinton White Jr, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mail: acwhite@utmb.edu. Charles H. King, Center for Global Health and Diseases, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, E-mail: chk@cwru.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC, 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever: an undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 34: 545–579.
-
2.
Weiss KE, 1957. Rift Valley fever—a review. Bull Epizoot Dis Afr 5: 431–438.
-
3.
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285: 397–400.
-
4.
Francis T Jr, Magill TP, 1935. Rift Valley fever—a report of three cases of laboratory infection and the experimental transmission of the disease to ferrets. J Exp Med 62: 433–451.
-
5.
Peters CJ, 1997. Emergence of Rift Valley fever. Saluzzo JF, Dodet B, eds. Factors in the Emergence of Arboviruses. Paris: Elsevier, 253–264.
-
6.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agata NN, Peters CJ, WHO Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
7.
LaBeaud AD, Ochiai Y, Peters CJ, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2007. Spectrum of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Kenya: insights from three distinct regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 795–800.
-
8.
Abdel-Wahab KS, El Baz LM, El-Tayeb EM, Omar H, Ossman MA, Yasin W, 1978. Rift Valley fever virus infections in Egypt: pathological and virological findings in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72: 392–396.
-
9.
Al-Hazmi M, Ayoola EA, Abdurahman M, Banzal S, Ashraf J, El-Bushra A, Hazmi A, Abdullah M, Abbo H, Elamin A, Al-Sammani el T, Gadour M, Menon C, Hamza M, Rahim I, Hafez M, Jambavalikar M, Arishi H, Aqeel A, 2003. Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clin Infect Dis 36: 245–252.
-
10.
CDC, 2000. Outbreak of Rift Valley fever—Yemen, August–October 2000. MMWR 49: 1065–1066.
-
11.
Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, James AD, 1985. Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever. Bull World Health Organ 63: 941–943.
-
12.
Gear JHS, De Meillon B, Le Roux AF, Kofski R, Rose-Innes R, Steyn JJ, Oliff WD, Schulz KH, 1955. Rift Valley fever in South Africa: study of the 1953 outbreak in the Orange Free State, with special reference to the vectors and possible reservoir hosts. S Afr Med J 29: 514–518.
-
13.
Ksiazek TG, Jouan A, Meegan JM, Le Guenno B, Wilson ML, Peters CJ, Digoutte JP, Guillaud M, Merzoug NO, Touray EM, 1989. Rift Valley fever among domestic animals in the recent West African outbreak. Res Virol 140: 67–77.
-
14.
Al-Hazmi A, Al-Rajhi AA, Abboud EB, Ayoola EA, Al-Hazmi M, Saadi R, Ahmed N, 2005. Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmology 112: 313–318.
-
15.
Alrajhi AA, Al-Semari A, Al-Watban J, 2004. Rift Valley fever encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 554–555.
-
16.
Ayoola AE, Al-Hazmi MH, Michail NT, Aderoju A, Hafez MM, Banzal SB, 2003. Liver involvement in patients with moderately severe Rift Valley fever. Am J Gastroenterol 98: S92.
-
17.
Laughlin LW, Girgis NI, Meegan JM, Strausbaugh LJ, Yassin MW, Watten RH, 1978. Clinical studies on Rift Valley fever. Part 2: ophthalmologic and central nervous system complications. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 53: 183–184.
-
18.
Madani TA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Mishkhas AA, Al-Rabeah AM, Turkistani AM, Al-Sayed MO, Abodahish AA, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG, Shobokshi O, 2003. Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1084–1092.
-
19.
Peters CJ, Liu CT, Anderson GW Jr, Morrill JC, Jahrling PB, 1989. Pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever and Lassa fever contrasted. Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 4): S743–S749.
-
20.
Strausbaugh LJ, Laughlin LW, Meegan JM, Watten RH, 1978. Clinical studies on Rift Valley fever. Part I: acute febrile and hemorrhagic-like diseases. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 53: 181–182.
-
21.
Watts DM, el-Tigani A, Botros BA, Salib AW, Olson JG, McCarthy M, Ksiazek TG, 1994. Arthropod-borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in the northern province of Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 228–230.
-
22.
CDC, 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak—Kenya, November 2006–January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73–76.
-
23.
WHO, 2007. Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Somalia and United Republic of Tanzania, December 2006–April 2007. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82: 169–178.
-
24.
Njenga MK, Paweska J, Wanjala R, Rao CY, Weiner M, Omballa V, Luman ET, Mutonga D, Sharif S, Panning M, Drosten C, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, 2009. Using a field quantitative real-time PCR test to rapidly identify highly viremic Rift Valley fever cases. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1166–1171.
-
25.
Logan TM, Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, Ksiazek TG, 1992. Rift Valley fever antibody in human sera collected after an outbreak in domestic animals in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 202–203.
-
26.
Morrill JC, Johnson BK, Hyams C, Okoth F, Tukei PM, Mugambi M, Woody J, 1991. Serological evidence of arboviral infections among humans of coastal Kenya. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 166–168.
-
27.
Lee MS, Hwang KP, Chen TC, Lu PL, Chen TP, 2006. Clinical characteristics of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in a medical center of southern Taiwan during the 2002 epidemic. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 39: 121–129.
-
28.
Schwartz E, Mendelson E, Sidi Y, 1996. Dengue fever among travelers. Am J Med 101: 516–520.
-
29.
Chretien JP, Anyamba A, Bedno SA, Breiman RF, Sang R, Sergon K, Powers AM, Onyango CO, Small J, Tucker CJ, Linthicum KJ, 2007. Drought-associated chikungunya emergence along coastal East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 405–407.
-
30.
Borgherini G, Poubeau P, Staikowsky F, Lory M, Le Moullec N, Becquart JP, Wengling C, Michault A, Paganin F, 2007. Outbreak of chikungunya on Reunion Island: early clinical and laboratory features in 157 adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 44: 1401–1407.
-
31.
Sergon K, Yahaya AA, Brown J, Bedja SA, Mlindasse M, Agata N, Allaranger Y, Ball MD, Powers AM, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Sang R, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, 2007. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus infection on Grande Comore Island, union of the Comoros, 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1189–1193.
-
32.
Taubitz W, Cramer JP, Kapaun A, Pfeffer M, Drosten C, Dobler G, Burchard GD, Loscher T, 2007. Chikungunya fever in travelers: clinical presentation and course. Clin Infect Dis 45: e1–e4.
-
33.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
34.
Davies FG, 1975. Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 75: 219–230.
-
35.
Peters CJ, Jahrling PB, Khan AS, 1996. Patients infected with high-hazard viruses: scientific basis for infection control. Arch Virol Suppl 11: 141–168.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 151 | 151 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 887 | 272 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 113 | 44 | 1 |