Geographic Structure of Plasmodium vivax: Microsatellite Analysis of Parasite Populations from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Ethiopia

Sharmini Gunawardena Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Nadira D. Karunaweera Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Marcelo U. Ferreira Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Myatt Phone-Kyaw Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Richard J. Pollack Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Michael Alifrangis Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Rupika S. Rajakaruna Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Flemming Konradsen Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Priyanie H. Amerasinghe Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Mette L. Schousboe Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Gawrie N. L. Galappaththy Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Rabindra R. Abeyasinghe Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Daniel L. Hartl Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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Dyann F. Wirth Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India; Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambrige, Massachusetts

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0588
Volume/Issue:
Volume 82: Issue 2
Page(s):
235–242
Restricted access
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Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium vivax parasites can predict the origin and spread of novel variants within a population enabling population specific malaria control measures. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 425 P. vivax isolates from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Ethiopia using 12 trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers. All three parasite populations were highly polymorphic with 3–44 alleles per locus. Approximately 65% were multiple-clone infections. Mean genetic diversity (HE) was 0.7517 in Ethiopia, 0.8450 in Myanmar, and 0.8610 in Sri Lanka. Significant linkage disequilibrium was maintained. Population structure showed two clusters (Asian and African) according to geography and ancestry. Strong clustering of outbreak isolates from Sri Lanka and Ethiopia was observed. Predictive power of ancestry using two-thirds of the isolates as a model identified 78.2% of isolates accurately as being African or Asian. Microsatellite analysis is a useful tool for mapping short-term outbreaks of malaria and for predicting ancestry.

Author Notes

*Address correspondence to Dyann F. Wirth, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Building 1, Room 705, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: dfwirth@hsph.harvard.edu

Financial support: This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant 5R03TW007966-02.

Authors' addresses: Sharmini Gunawardena, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Nadira D. Karunaweera, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Marcelo U. Ferreira, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Myatt Phone-Kyaw, Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar. Richard J. Pollack and Dyann F. Wirth, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Michael Alifrangis, Flemming Konradsen, and Mette L. Schousboe, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark. Rupika S. Rajakaruna, Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Priyanie H. Amerasinghe, International Water Management Institute, Delhi, India. Gawrie N. L. Galappaththy and Rabindra R. Abeyasinghe, Anti-Malaria Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Daniel L. Hartl, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Copyright:
© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010
Received:
29 Sep 2009
|
Accepted:
06 Oct 2009
|
Published Online:
05 Feb 2010
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
Online ISSN:
1476-1645
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