ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2004. Global Strategic Framework for Integrated Vector Management. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2008. WHO position statement on integrated vector management. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 20: 177–184.
-
3.
Chandre F, Darrier F, Manga L, Akogbeto M, Faye O, Mouchet J, Guillet P, 1999. Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Bull World Health Organ 77: 230–234.
-
4.
Corbel V, Hougard JM, N’Guessan R, Chandre F, 2003. Evidence for selection of insecticide resistance due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase by carbamate-treated nets in Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Côte d’Ivoire. J Med Entomol 40: 985–988.
-
5.
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BGJ, 2002. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malar J 1: 8.
-
6.
Feachem R, 2008. A new global malaria eradication strategy. Lancet 371: 1633–1635.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Malaria Report 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
8.
Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith TA, Tanner M, Singer BH, 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 118–127.
-
9.
Walker K, Lynch M, 2007. Contributions of Anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: review of achievements and potential. Med Vet Entomol 21: 2–21.
-
10.
Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Chaki P, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Mayagaya V, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Fillinger U, Tanner M, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2009. Integrated malaria control incorporating microbial larvicides in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS One 4: e5107.
-
11.
Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, 2006. Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1629–1642.
-
12.
Shililu JI, Tewolde GM, Brantly E, Githure JI, Mbogo CM, Beier JC, Fusco R, Novak RJ, 2003. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing Anopheles larvae in Eritrea. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: 251–258.
-
13.
Fillinger U, Ndenga B, Githeko A, Lindsay SW, 2009. Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide treated nets in the western Kenyan highlands: a pilot study. Bull World Health Organ 87: 655–665.
-
14.
Shilulu J, Mbogo C, Ghebremeskel T, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Mosquito larval habitats in a semiarid ecosystem in Eritrea: impact of larval habitat management on Anopheles arabiensis population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 103–110.
-
15.
Majambere S, Fillinger U, Sayer D, Green C, Lindsay SW, 2008. Spatial distribution of mosquito larvae and the potential for targeted larval control in The Gambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 19–27.
-
16.
Fillinger U, Kannady K, William G, Vanek MJ, Dongus S, Nyika D, Geissbuehler Y, Chaki PP, Govella NJ, Mathenge EM, Singer BH, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Mtasiwa D, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2008. A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Program in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 7: 20.
-
17.
Bøgh C, Clarke SE, Jawara M, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2003. Localized breeding of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) along the River Gambia, West Africa. Bull Entomol Res 93: 279–287.
-
18.
Lindsay SW, Alonso PL, Armstrong Schellenberg JRM, Hemingway J, Adiamah JH, Shenton FC, Jawara M, Greenwood BM, 1993. Impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 45–52.
-
19.
Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U, 2007. Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malar J 6: 76.
-
20.
Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, 2006. Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in a rural Kenyan town. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1629–1642.
-
21.
Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Chaki PP, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Mayagaya V, Kiama M, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Fillinger U, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2009. Microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS One 4: e5107.
-
22.
Lindsay SW, Adiamah JH, Miller JE, Armstrong JR, 1991. Pyrethroid-treated bednet effects on mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia. Med Vet Entomol 5: 477–483.
-
23.
Bøgh C, Lindsay SW, Clarke SE, Dean A, Jawara M, Pinder M, Thomas CJ, 2007. High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in The Gambia, west Africa, using LANDSATTM satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 875–881.
-
24.
Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U, 2007. Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malar J 6: 76.
-
25.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
26.
Burkot TR, Williams JL, Schneider I, 1984. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes by a double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 783–788.
-
27.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
28.
Kirby M, Ameh D, Bottomley C, Green C, Jawara M, Milligan P, Snell P, Conway D, Lindsay SW, 2009. Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in The Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374: 998–1009.
-
29.
Ceesay S, Casals-Pascaul C, Erskine J, Anya S, Duah N, Fulford A, Sesay S, Abubakor I, Dunyo S, Sey O, Palmer A, Fofana M, Corrah T, Bojang K, Whittle H, Greenwood B, Conway D, 2008. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 372: 1545–1554.
-
30.
Clarke SE, Bøgh C, Brown RC, Walraven GEL, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2002. Risk of malaria attacks in Gambian children is greater away from malaria vector breeding sites. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 499–506.
-
31.
Bøgh C, Lindsay SW, Clarke SE, Dean A, Jawara M, Pinder M, Thomas CJ, 2007. High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in The Gambia, West Africa, using LANDSATTM satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 875–881.
-
32.
Fillinger U, Sombroek H, Majambere S, van Loon E, Takken W, Lindsay SW, 2009. Identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in The Gambia. Malar J 8: 62.
-
33.
Giglioli ME, 1964. Tides, salinity and the breeding of Anopheles melas (Theobald, 1903) during the dry season in The Gambia. Riv Malariol 43: 245–263.
-
34.
Beier JC, Copeland R, Oyaro C, Masinya A, Odago WO, Oduor S, Koech DK, Roberts CR, 1990. Anopheles gambiae complex egg-stage survival in dry soil from larval development sites in western Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 6: 105–109.
-
35.
Chavasse DC, Lines JD, Ichimori K, Majala AR, Minjas JN, Marijani J, 1995. Mosquito control in Dar es Salaam. II. Impact of expanded polystyrene beads and pyriproxyfen treatment of breeding sites on Culex quinquefasciatus densities. Med Vet Entomol 9: 147–154.
-
36.
Fillinger U, Ndenga B, Githeko A, Lindsay SW, 2009. Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide-treated nets in western Kenya: a controlled trial. Bull World Health Organ 87: 655–665.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1130 | 895 | 255 |
| Full Text Views | 651 | 18 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 322 | 17 | 6 |
Is Mosquito Larval Source Management Appropriate for Reducing Malaria in Areas of Extensive Flooding in The Gambia? A Cross-over Intervention Trial
Silas Majambere
Silas Majambere
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Margaret Pinder
Margaret Pinder
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Ulrike Fillinger
Ulrike Fillinger
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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David Ameh
David Ameh
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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David J. Conway
David J. Conway
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Clare Green
Clare Green
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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David Jeffries
David Jeffries
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Musa Jawara
Musa Jawara
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Paul J. Milligan
Paul J. Milligan
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Robert Hutchinson
Robert Hutchinson
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Steven W. Lindsay
Steven W. Lindsay
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Larviciding to control malaria was assessed in rural areas with extensive seasonal flooding. Larval and adult mosquitoes and malaria incidence were surveyed routinely in four 100-km2 areas either side of the Gambia River. Baseline data were collected in 2005. Microbial larvicide was applied to all water bodies by hand application with water-dispersible granular formulations and corn granules weekly from May to November in two areas in 2006 and in the other two areas in 2007 in a cross-over design. The intervention was associated with a reduction in habitats with late stage anopheline larvae and an 88% reduction in larval densities (P < 0.001). The effect of the intervention on mosquito densities was not pronounced and was confounded by the distance of villages to the major breeding sites and year (P = 0.002). There was no reduction in clinical malaria or anemia. Ground applications of non-residual larvicides with simple equipment are not effective in riverine areas with extensive flooding, where many habitats are poorly demarcated, highly mobile, and inaccessible on foot.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant 1 UO1 AI058250-01).
Authors’ addresses: Silas Majambere, Margaret Pinder, Clare Green, Robert Hutchinson, and Steve Lindsay, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK, E-mails: smajambere@ihi.or.tz, mpinder@mrc.gm, clare.green@ucl.ac.uk, R.A.Hutchinson@insects.org, and Steve.Lindsay@lshtm.ac.uk. David Ameh, David Conway, and David Jeffries, Medical Research Councils Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, E-mails: dameh@mrc.gm, dconway@mrc.gm, and djeffries@mrc.gm. Ulrike Fillinger and Paul Milligan, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK, E-mails: ulrike.fillinger@lshtm.ac.uk and paul.milligan@lshtm.ac.uk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2004. Global Strategic Framework for Integrated Vector Management. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2008. WHO position statement on integrated vector management. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 20: 177–184.
-
3.
Chandre F, Darrier F, Manga L, Akogbeto M, Faye O, Mouchet J, Guillet P, 1999. Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Bull World Health Organ 77: 230–234.
-
4.
Corbel V, Hougard JM, N’Guessan R, Chandre F, 2003. Evidence for selection of insecticide resistance due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase by carbamate-treated nets in Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Côte d’Ivoire. J Med Entomol 40: 985–988.
-
5.
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BGJ, 2002. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malar J 1: 8.
-
6.
Feachem R, 2008. A new global malaria eradication strategy. Lancet 371: 1633–1635.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Malaria Report 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
8.
Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith TA, Tanner M, Singer BH, 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 118–127.
-
9.
Walker K, Lynch M, 2007. Contributions of Anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: review of achievements and potential. Med Vet Entomol 21: 2–21.
-
10.
Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Chaki P, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Mayagaya V, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Fillinger U, Tanner M, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2009. Integrated malaria control incorporating microbial larvicides in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS One 4: e5107.
-
11.
Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, 2006. Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1629–1642.
-
12.
Shililu JI, Tewolde GM, Brantly E, Githure JI, Mbogo CM, Beier JC, Fusco R, Novak RJ, 2003. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing Anopheles larvae in Eritrea. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: 251–258.
-
13.
Fillinger U, Ndenga B, Githeko A, Lindsay SW, 2009. Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide treated nets in the western Kenyan highlands: a pilot study. Bull World Health Organ 87: 655–665.
-
14.
Shilulu J, Mbogo C, Ghebremeskel T, Githure J, Novak R, 2007. Mosquito larval habitats in a semiarid ecosystem in Eritrea: impact of larval habitat management on Anopheles arabiensis population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 103–110.
-
15.
Majambere S, Fillinger U, Sayer D, Green C, Lindsay SW, 2008. Spatial distribution of mosquito larvae and the potential for targeted larval control in The Gambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 19–27.
-
16.
Fillinger U, Kannady K, William G, Vanek MJ, Dongus S, Nyika D, Geissbuehler Y, Chaki PP, Govella NJ, Mathenge EM, Singer BH, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Mtasiwa D, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2008. A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Program in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malar J 7: 20.
-
17.
Bøgh C, Clarke SE, Jawara M, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2003. Localized breeding of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) along the River Gambia, West Africa. Bull Entomol Res 93: 279–287.
-
18.
Lindsay SW, Alonso PL, Armstrong Schellenberg JRM, Hemingway J, Adiamah JH, Shenton FC, Jawara M, Greenwood BM, 1993. Impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 45–52.
-
19.
Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U, 2007. Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malar J 6: 76.
-
20.
Fillinger U, Lindsay SW, 2006. Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in a rural Kenyan town. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1629–1642.
-
21.
Geissbühler Y, Kannady K, Chaki PP, Emidi B, Govella NJ, Mayagaya V, Kiama M, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H, Lindsay SW, Tanner M, Fillinger U, de Castro MC, Killeen GF, 2009. Microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS One 4: e5107.
-
22.
Lindsay SW, Adiamah JH, Miller JE, Armstrong JR, 1991. Pyrethroid-treated bednet effects on mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia. Med Vet Entomol 5: 477–483.
-
23.
Bøgh C, Lindsay SW, Clarke SE, Dean A, Jawara M, Pinder M, Thomas CJ, 2007. High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in The Gambia, west Africa, using LANDSATTM satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 875–881.
-
24.
Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U, 2007. Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malar J 6: 76.
-
25.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
26.
Burkot TR, Williams JL, Schneider I, 1984. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes by a double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 783–788.
-
27.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520–529.
-
28.
Kirby M, Ameh D, Bottomley C, Green C, Jawara M, Milligan P, Snell P, Conway D, Lindsay SW, 2009. Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in The Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374: 998–1009.
-
29.
Ceesay S, Casals-Pascaul C, Erskine J, Anya S, Duah N, Fulford A, Sesay S, Abubakor I, Dunyo S, Sey O, Palmer A, Fofana M, Corrah T, Bojang K, Whittle H, Greenwood B, Conway D, 2008. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 372: 1545–1554.
-
30.
Clarke SE, Bøgh C, Brown RC, Walraven GEL, Thomas CJ, Lindsay SW, 2002. Risk of malaria attacks in Gambian children is greater away from malaria vector breeding sites. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 499–506.
-
31.
Bøgh C, Lindsay SW, Clarke SE, Dean A, Jawara M, Pinder M, Thomas CJ, 2007. High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in The Gambia, West Africa, using LANDSATTM satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 875–881.
-
32.
Fillinger U, Sombroek H, Majambere S, van Loon E, Takken W, Lindsay SW, 2009. Identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in The Gambia. Malar J 8: 62.
-
33.
Giglioli ME, 1964. Tides, salinity and the breeding of Anopheles melas (Theobald, 1903) during the dry season in The Gambia. Riv Malariol 43: 245–263.
-
34.
Beier JC, Copeland R, Oyaro C, Masinya A, Odago WO, Oduor S, Koech DK, Roberts CR, 1990. Anopheles gambiae complex egg-stage survival in dry soil from larval development sites in western Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 6: 105–109.
-
35.
Chavasse DC, Lines JD, Ichimori K, Majala AR, Minjas JN, Marijani J, 1995. Mosquito control in Dar es Salaam. II. Impact of expanded polystyrene beads and pyriproxyfen treatment of breeding sites on Culex quinquefasciatus densities. Med Vet Entomol 9: 147–154.
-
36.
Fillinger U, Ndenga B, Githeko A, Lindsay SW, 2009. Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide-treated nets in western Kenya: a controlled trial. Bull World Health Organ 87: 655–665.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1130 | 895 | 255 |
| Full Text Views | 651 | 18 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 322 | 17 | 6 |