Faine SB, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P, 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Melbourne: MedSci.
Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 757–771.
McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI, 2005. Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18: 376–386.
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
Adler B, de la Pena Moctezuma A, 2009. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol (in press). doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012.
World Health Organization, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. Malta: World Health Organization.
Chappel RJ, Goris M, Palmer MF, Hartskeerl RA, 2004. Impact of proficiency testing on results of the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5484–5488.
Kmety E, Dikken H, 1993. Classification of the Species Leptospira interrogans and History of its Serovars. Groningen, The Netherlands: University Press.
Clarridge JE, 2004. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 840–862.
Hookey JV, Bryden J, Gatehouse L, 1993. The use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of Leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes. J Gen Microbiol 139: 2585–2590.
Postic D, Riquelme-Sertour N, Merien F, Perolat P, Baranton G, 2000. Interest of partial 16S rDNA gene sequences to resolve heterogeneities between Leptospira collections: application to L. meyeri. Res Microbiol 151: 333–341.
Morey RE, Galloway RL, Bragg SL, Steigerwalt AG, Mayer LW, Levett PN, 2006. Species-specific identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3510–3516.
Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ, 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173: 7.
Silva EF, Brod CS, Cerqueira GM, Bourscheidt D, Seyffert N, Queiroz A, Santos CS, Ko AI, Dellagostin OA, 2007. Isolation of Leptospira noguchii from sheep. Vet Microbiol 121: 144–149.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S, 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24: 1596–1599.
Morgulis A, Coulouris G, Raytselis Y, Madden TL, Agarwala R, Schaffer AA, 2008. Database indexing for production MegaBLAST searches. Bioinformatics 24: 1757–1764.
Cerqueira GM, McBride AJ, Picardeau M, Ribeiro SG, Moreira AN, Morel V, Reis MG, Ko AI, Dellagostin OA, 2009. Distribution of the leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (lig) genes in pathogenic Leptospira species and application of ligB to typing leptospiral isolates. J Med Microbiol 58: 1173–1181.
Cerqueira GM, Picardeau M, 2009. A century of Leptospira strain typing. Infect Genet Evol 9: 760–768.
Victoria B, Ahmed A, Zuerner RL, Ahmed N, Bulach DM, Quinteiro J, Hartskeerl RA, 2008. Conservation of the S10-spc-alpha locus within otherwise highly plastic genomes provides phylogenetic insight into the genus Leptospira. PLoS One 3: e2752.
Haake DA, Suchard MA, Kelley MM, Dundoo M, Alt DP, Zuerner RL, 2004. Molecular evolution and mosaicism of leptospiral outer membrane proteins involves horizontal DNA transfer. J Bacteriol 186: 2818–2828.
Slack AT, Symonds ML, Dohnt MF, Smythe LD, 2006. Identification of pathogenic Leptospira species by conventional or real-time PCR and sequencing of the DNA gyrase subunit B encoding gene. BMC Microbiol 6: 95.
Majed Z, Bellenger E, Postic D, Pourcel C, Baranton G, Picardeau M, 2005. Identification of variable-number tandem-repeat loci in Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. J Clin Microbiol 43: 539–545.
Slack AT, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Smythe LD, 2005. Development of a Multiple-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) for Leptospira interrogans and its application to Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis isolates from Far North Queensland, Australia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 4: 10.
Ahmed N, Devi SM, Valverde Mde L, Vijayachari P, Machang’u RS, Ellis WA, Hartskeerl RA, 2006. Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5: 28.
Thaipadungpanit J, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Smythe LD, Petkanchanapong W, Limpaiboon R, Apiwatanaporn A, Slack AT, Suputtamongkol Y, White NJ, Feil EJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2007. A dominant clone of Leptospira interrogans associated with an outbreak of human leptospirosis in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1: e56.
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The purpose of this study was to perform a 16S sequence-based quality control of two Leptospira strain collections. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to verify two Leptospira reference collections provided by the World Health Organization and maintained at a reference laboratory for leptospirosis in Brazil. Among the 89 serovars evaluated, four conflicting strains were identified in one of the collections. Although 16S rRNA gene sequencing cannot identify Leptospira beyond the species level, it is suitable for the identification of contamination and quality control of leptospiral reference collections. This study highlights the importance of the availability of high-quality 16S rRNA sequences in public databases. In addition, it emphasizes the need for periodical verifications and quality control of Leptospira reference collections.
Financial support: G.M.C. was supported by CAPES foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Education. This work was supported by Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (09224-7 and PDTIS RVR05), the Brazilian National Research Council (01.06.0298.00 3773/2005, 420067/2005, 554788/2006), Research Support Foundation for the State of Bahia, and the National Institutes of Health (5R01 AI052473, 2D43 TW00919).
Authors’ addresses: Gustavo M. Cerqueira, Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, E-mails: cerqueira@butantan.gov.br and cerqueiragm@yahoo.com.br. Alan J. A. McBride, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério de Saúde, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil, E-mail: alanm@pqvisitante.bahia.fiocruz.br. Adriano Queiroz, Hospitais das Clínicas, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil, E-mail: adrianoqs@gmail.com. Luciano S. Pinto and Éverton F. Silva, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil, E-mails: ls_pinto@hotmail.com and fagonde@yahoo.com.br. Rudy A. Hartskeerl, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, E-mail: r.hartskeerl@kit.nl. Mitermayer G. Reis, Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil, E-mail: miter@bahia.fiocruz.br. Albert I. Ko, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, E-mail: aik2001@med.cornell.edu. Odir A. Dellagostin, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil, E-mail: odir@ufpel.edu.br.
Faine SB, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P, 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Melbourne: MedSci.
Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 757–771.
McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI, 2005. Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18: 376–386.
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
Adler B, de la Pena Moctezuma A, 2009. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol (in press). doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012.
World Health Organization, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. Malta: World Health Organization.
Chappel RJ, Goris M, Palmer MF, Hartskeerl RA, 2004. Impact of proficiency testing on results of the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5484–5488.
Kmety E, Dikken H, 1993. Classification of the Species Leptospira interrogans and History of its Serovars. Groningen, The Netherlands: University Press.
Clarridge JE, 2004. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 840–862.
Hookey JV, Bryden J, Gatehouse L, 1993. The use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of Leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes. J Gen Microbiol 139: 2585–2590.
Postic D, Riquelme-Sertour N, Merien F, Perolat P, Baranton G, 2000. Interest of partial 16S rDNA gene sequences to resolve heterogeneities between Leptospira collections: application to L. meyeri. Res Microbiol 151: 333–341.
Morey RE, Galloway RL, Bragg SL, Steigerwalt AG, Mayer LW, Levett PN, 2006. Species-specific identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3510–3516.
Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ, 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173: 7.
Silva EF, Brod CS, Cerqueira GM, Bourscheidt D, Seyffert N, Queiroz A, Santos CS, Ko AI, Dellagostin OA, 2007. Isolation of Leptospira noguchii from sheep. Vet Microbiol 121: 144–149.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S, 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24: 1596–1599.
Morgulis A, Coulouris G, Raytselis Y, Madden TL, Agarwala R, Schaffer AA, 2008. Database indexing for production MegaBLAST searches. Bioinformatics 24: 1757–1764.
Cerqueira GM, McBride AJ, Picardeau M, Ribeiro SG, Moreira AN, Morel V, Reis MG, Ko AI, Dellagostin OA, 2009. Distribution of the leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (lig) genes in pathogenic Leptospira species and application of ligB to typing leptospiral isolates. J Med Microbiol 58: 1173–1181.
Cerqueira GM, Picardeau M, 2009. A century of Leptospira strain typing. Infect Genet Evol 9: 760–768.
Victoria B, Ahmed A, Zuerner RL, Ahmed N, Bulach DM, Quinteiro J, Hartskeerl RA, 2008. Conservation of the S10-spc-alpha locus within otherwise highly plastic genomes provides phylogenetic insight into the genus Leptospira. PLoS One 3: e2752.
Haake DA, Suchard MA, Kelley MM, Dundoo M, Alt DP, Zuerner RL, 2004. Molecular evolution and mosaicism of leptospiral outer membrane proteins involves horizontal DNA transfer. J Bacteriol 186: 2818–2828.
Slack AT, Symonds ML, Dohnt MF, Smythe LD, 2006. Identification of pathogenic Leptospira species by conventional or real-time PCR and sequencing of the DNA gyrase subunit B encoding gene. BMC Microbiol 6: 95.
Majed Z, Bellenger E, Postic D, Pourcel C, Baranton G, Picardeau M, 2005. Identification of variable-number tandem-repeat loci in Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. J Clin Microbiol 43: 539–545.
Slack AT, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Smythe LD, 2005. Development of a Multiple-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) for Leptospira interrogans and its application to Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis isolates from Far North Queensland, Australia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 4: 10.
Ahmed N, Devi SM, Valverde Mde L, Vijayachari P, Machang’u RS, Ellis WA, Hartskeerl RA, 2006. Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5: 28.
Thaipadungpanit J, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Smythe LD, Petkanchanapong W, Limpaiboon R, Apiwatanaporn A, Slack AT, Suputtamongkol Y, White NJ, Feil EJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2007. A dominant clone of Leptospira interrogans associated with an outbreak of human leptospirosis in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1: e56.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1481 | 1381 | 909 |
Full Text Views | 278 | 11 | 7 |
PDF Downloads | 80 | 9 | 4 |