World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas disease. Report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 905: 1–109.
Moncayo A, 2003. Chagas disease: current epidemiological trends after the interruption of vectorial and transfusional transmission in the southern Cone countries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98: 577–591.
Andrade SG, Magalhaes JB, Pontes AL, 1985. Evaluation of chemotherapy with benznidazole and nifurtimox in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains of different types. Bull World Health Organ 63: 721–726.
Filardi LS, Brener Z, 1987. Susceptibility and natural resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi strains to drugs used clinically in Chagas disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 755–759.
Risso MG, Garbarino GB, Mocetti E, Campetella O, Gonzalez Cappa SM, Buscaglia CA, Leguizamon MS, 2004. Differential expression of a virulence factor, the trans-sialidase, by the main Trypanosoma cruzi phylogenetic lineages. J Infect Dis 189: 2250–2259.
Vago AR, Macedo AM, Adad SJ, Reis DD, Corrêa-Oliveira R, 1996. PCR detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in oesophageal tissues of patients with chronic digestive Chagas' disease. Lancet 348: 891–892.
Vago AR, Macedo AM, Oliveira RP, Andrade LO, Chiari E, Galvão LM, Reis D, Pereira ME, Simpson AJ, Tostes S, Pena SD, 1996. Kinetoplast DNA signatures of Trypanosoma cruzi strains obtained directly from infected tissues. Am J Pathol 149: 2153–2159.
Vago A, Andrade L, Leite A, Reis D, Macedo A, Adad S, Tostes S, Moreira M, Filo G, Pena S, 2000. Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from tissues of patients with chronic Chagas disease: differential distribution of genetic types into diverse organs. Am J Pathol 156: 1805–1809.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Telleria J, Bastrenta B, Yacsik N, Noireau F, Alcazar JL, Barnabé C, Wincker P, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Different behavior of two Trypanosoma cruzi major clones: transmission and circulation in young Bolivian patients. Exp Parasitol 89: 285–295.
de Ornelas Toledo MJ, Bahia MT, Carneiro CM, Martins-Filho OA, Tibayrenc M, Barnabe C, Tafuri WL, de Lana M, 2003. Chemotherapy with benznidazole and itraconazole for mice infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi clonal genotypes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 223–230.
Coronado X, Zulantai I, Rozas M, Apt W, Sanchez G, Rodriguez J, Ortiz S, Solari A, 2006. Dissimilar distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi clones in humans after chemotherapy with allopurinol anad itraconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 58: 216–219.
Martins HR, Silva RM, Valadares HM, Toledo MJ, Veloso VM, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GL, Bahia MT, Martins-Filho OA, Macedo AM, Lana M, 2007. Impact of dual infections on chemotherapeutic efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with major genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 3282–3289.
Martins HR, Figueiredo LM, Valamiel-Silva JC, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GL, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Bahia MT, Martins-Filho OA, Macedo AM, Lana M, 2008. Persistence of PCR-positive tissue in benznidazole-treated mice with negative blood parasitological and serological tests in dual infections with Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from different genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: 1319–1327.
Brisse S, Dujardin JC, Tibayrenc M, 2000. Identification of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages by sequence-characterised amplified region markers. Mol Biochem Parasitol 111: 95–105.
Brisse S, Verhoef J, Tibayrenc M, 2001. Characterisation of large and small subunit rRNA and mini-exon genes further supports the distinction of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages. Int J Parasitol 31: 1218–1226.
Devera R, Fernandes O, Coura JR, 2003. Should Trypanosoma cruzi be called “cruzi” complex? A review of the parasite diversity and the potential of selecting population after in vitro culturing and mice infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98: 1–12.
Britto C, Cardoso MA, Ravel C, Santoro A, Pereira JB, Coura JR, Morel CM, Wincker P, 1995. Trypanosoma cruzi: parasite detection and strain discrimination in chronic chagasic patients from northeastern Brazil using PCR amplification of kinetoplast DNA and nonradioactive hybridization. Exp Parasitol 81: 462–471.
Britto CM, Lima MM, Sarquis O, Pires MQ, Coutinho CF, Duarte R, Pacheco RS, 2008. Genetic polymorphism in Trypanosoma cruzi I isolated from Brazilian northeast triatomines revealed by low-stringency single specific primer-polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 103: 1111–1117.
Morel C, Chiari E, Camargo EP, Mattei DM, Romanha AJ, Simpson L, 1980. Strains and clones of Trypanosoma cruzi can be characterized by pattern of restriction endonuclease products of kinetoplast DNA minicircles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 6810–6814.
Sturm N, Degrave W, Morel C, Simpson L, 1989. Sensitive detection and schizodeme classification of Trypanosoma cruzi cells by amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA sequences: use in diagnosis of Chagas' disease. Mol Biochem Parasitol 33: 205–214.
Marcet PL, Duffy T, Cardinal MV, Burgos JM, Lauricella MA, Levin MJ, Kitron U, Gürtler RE, Schijman AG, 2006. PCR-based screening and lineage identification of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from faecal samples of triatomine bugs from northwestern Argentina. Parasitology 132: 57–65.
Triana O, Ortiz S, Dujardin JC, Solari A, 2006. Trypanosoma cruzi: variability of stocks from Colombia determined by molecular karyotype and minicircle Southern blot analysis. Vet Parasitol Exp Parasitol 113: 62–66.
Telleria J, Lafay B, Virreira M, Barnabe C, Tibayrenc M, Svoboda M, 2006. Tr(i) panosoma cruzi: sequence analysis of the variable region of kinetoplast minicircles. Exp Parasitol 114: 279–288.
Velázquez M, Diez CN, Mora C, Diosque P, Marcipar IS, 2008. Trypanosoma cruzi: an analysis of the minicircle hypervariable regions diversity and its influence on strain typing. Exp Parasitol 120: 235–241.
Avila HA, Pereira JB, Thiemann O, De Paiva E, DeGrave W, Morel CM, Simpson L, 1993. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood specimens of chronic chagasic patients by polymerase chain reaction amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA: comparison with serology and xenodiagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2421–2426.
Wincker P, Brito C, Borges Pereira J, Cardoso MA, Oelemann W, Morel CM, 1994. Use of a simplified polymerase chain reaction procedure to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in blood samples from chronic chagasic patients in a rural endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 133–139.
Rozas M, Botto-Mahan C, Coronado X, Ortiz S, Cattan PE, Solari A, 2007. Coexistence of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes in wild and periodomestic mammals in Chile. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 647–653.
Diez M, Favaloro L, Bertolotti A, Burgos JM, Vigliano C, Lastra MP, Levin MJ, Arnedo A, Nagel C, Schijman AG, Favaloro RR, 2007. Usefuness of PCR strategies for early diagnosis of Chagas disease reactivation and treatment follow-up in heart transplantation. Am J Transplant 7: 1633–1640.
Diez CN, Manattini S, Zanuttini JC, Bottasso O, Marcipar I, 2008. The value of molecular studies for the diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease in northeastern Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 624–627.
Solari A, Campillay R, Ortíz S, Wallace A, 2001. Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes circulating in Chilean chagasic patients. Exp Parasitol 97: 226–233.
Salazar A, Schijman AG, Triana-Chávez O, 2006. High variability of Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi lineage I stocks as revealed by low-stringency single primer-PCR minicircle signatures. Acta Trop 100: 110–118.
Lisboa CV, Pinho AP, Herrera HM, Gerhardt M, Cupolillo E, Jansen AM, 2008. Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) genotypes in neotropical bats in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 156: 314–318.
Burgos JM, Altcheh J, Bisio M, Duffy T, Valadares HM, Seidenstein ME, Piccinali R, Freitas JM, Levin MJ, Macchi L, Macedo AM, Freilij H, Schijman AG, 2007. Direct molecular profiling of minicircle signatures and lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream populations causing congenital Chagas disease. Int J Parasitol 37: 1319–1327.
Diosque P, Barnabé C, Padilla AM, Marco JD, Cardozo RM, Cimino RO, Nasser JR, Tibayrenc M, Basombrío MA, 2003. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a geographically restricted endemic area for Chagas disease in Argentina. Int J Parasitol 33: 997–1003.
Cardinal MV, Lauricella MA, Ceballos LA, Lanati L, Marcet PL, Levin MJ, Kitron U, Gürtler RE, Schijman AG, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina. Int J Parasitol 38: 1533–1543.
Corrales RM, Mora MC, Negrette OS, Diosque P, Lacunza D, Virreira M, Brenière SF, Basombrio MA, 2009. Congenital Chagas disease involves Trypanosoma cruzi sub-lineage IId in the northwestern province of Salta, Argentina. Infect Genet Evol 9: 278–282.
Veas F, Breniere SF, Cuny G, Brengues C, Solari A, Tibayrenc M, 1991. General procedure to construct highly specific kDNA probes for clones of Trypanosoma cruzi for sensitive detection by polymerase chain reaction. Cell Mol Biol 37: 73–84.
Torres JP, Ortiz S, Muñoz S, Solari A, 2004. Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Chile are heterogeneous and composed of mixed populations when characterized by schizodeme and Southern analyses. Parasitology 128: 161–168.
Arimone Y, Miremont-Salamé G, Haramburu F, Molimard M, Moore N, Fourrier-Réglat A, Bégaud B, 2007. Inter-expert agreement of seven criteria in causality assessment of adverse drug reactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64: 482–488.
Virreira M, Alonso-Vega C, Solano M, Jijena J, Brutus L, Bustamante Z, Truyens C, Schneider D, Torrico F, Carlier Y, Svoboda M, 2006. Congenital Chagas disease in Bolivia is not associated with DNA polymorphism of Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 871–879.
Burgos JM, Begher S, Silva HM, Bisio M, Duffy T, Levin MJ, Macedo AM, Schijman AG, 2008. Molecular identification of Trypanosoma cruzi I tropism for central nervous system in Chagas reactivation due to AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 294–297.
Di Noia J, Buscaglia C, De Marchi C, Almeida I, Frasch A, 2002. A Trypanosoma cruzi small surface molecule provides the first immunological evidence that Chagas' disease is due to a single parasite lineage. J Exp Med 195: 401–413.
Montamat EE, Arauzo S, Cazzulo JJ, Subias E, 1987. Characterization by electrophoretic zymograms of 19 Trypanosoma cruzi clones derived from two chronic chagasic patients. Comp Biochem Physiol 87: 417–422.
Montamat EE, De Luca d'Oro GM, Perret B, Rivas C, 1992. Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi from Argentina by electrophoretic zymograms. Acta Trop 50: 125–133.
Montamat EE, De Luca d'Oro GM, Gallerano RH, Sosa R, Blanco A, 1996. Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi populations by zymodemes: correlation with clinical picture. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 625–628.
De Luca d'Oro GM, Gardenal CN, Perret B, Crisci JV, Montamat EE, 1993. Genetic structure of Trypanosoma cruzi populations from Argentina estimated from enzyme polymorphism. Parasitology 107: 405–410.
Fabbro De Suasnábar D, Arias E, Streiger M, Piacenza M, Ingaramo M, Del Barco M, Amicone N, 2000. Evolutive behavior towards cardiomyopathy of treated (nifurtimox or benznidazole) and untreated chronic chagasic patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42: 99–109.
Dubner S, Schapachnik E, Riera AR, Valero E, 2008. Chagas disease: state-of-the-art of diagnosis and management. Cardiol J 15: 493–504.
Abello M, González-Zuelgaray J, López C, Labadet C, 2008. Initiation modes of spontaneous monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with Chagas heart disease. Rev Esp Cardiol 61: 487–493.
Storino R, Auger S, Caravello O, Urrutia MI, Sanmartino M, Jörg M, 2002. Chagasic cardiopathy in endemic area versus sporadically infected patients. Rev Saude Publica 36: 755–758.
Venegas J, Coñoepan W, Pichuantes S, Miranda S, Apt W, Arribada A, Zulantay I, Coronado X, Rodriguez J, Reyes E, Solari A, Sanchez G, 2009. Differential distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi clones in human chronic chagasic cardiopathic and non-cardiopathic individuals. Acta Trop 109: 187–193.
Carranza JC, Valadares HM, D'Avila DA, Baptista RP, Moreno M, Galvão LM, Chiari E, Sturm NR, Gontijo ED, Macedo AM, Zingales B, 2009. Trypanosoma cruzi maxicircle heterogeneity in Chagas disease patients from Brazil. Int J Parasitol 39: 963–973.
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We have evaluated blood samples of chronic and congenital Trypanosoma cruzi-infected patients from the city of Reconquista located in the northeast of Argentina where no information was previously obtained about the genotype of infecting parasites. Fourteen samples of congenital and 19 chronical patients were analyzed by hybridization with DNA probes of minicircle hypervariable regions (mHVR). In congenital patients, 50% had single infections with TcIId, 7% single infections with TcIIe, 29% mixed infections with TcIId/e, and 7% had mixed infections with TcIId/b and 7% TcIId/b, respectively. In Chronical patients, 52% had single infections with TcIId, 11% single infections with TcIIe, 26% had mixed infections with TcIId/e, and 11% had non-identified genotypes. With these samples, we evaluated the minicircle lineage-specific polymerase chain reaction assay (MLS-PCR), which involves a nested PCR to HVR minicircle sequences and we found a correlation with hybridization probes of 96.4% for TcIId and 54.8% for TcIIe.
Financial support: This work received financial support from CAI+D 2009 PI 15-86, Universidad Nacional del Litoral and FONDECYT-Chile 1085154.
Disclosure: ISM and VG are researchers from the CONICET (Argentina).
Authors' addresses: Cristina Diez, Virginia Lorenz, Verónica Gonzalez, Andrea Racca, Iván Bontempi, and Iván Marcipar, Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina, E-mail: imarcipr@fbcb.unl.edu.ar. Silvia Ortiz and Aldo Solari, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, E-mail: asolari@med.uchile.cl. Silvia Manattini, Hospital Central de Reconquista, Santa Fe, Argentina, E-mail: equiroz@arnet.com.ar.
World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas disease. Report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 905: 1–109.
Moncayo A, 2003. Chagas disease: current epidemiological trends after the interruption of vectorial and transfusional transmission in the southern Cone countries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98: 577–591.
Andrade SG, Magalhaes JB, Pontes AL, 1985. Evaluation of chemotherapy with benznidazole and nifurtimox in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains of different types. Bull World Health Organ 63: 721–726.
Filardi LS, Brener Z, 1987. Susceptibility and natural resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi strains to drugs used clinically in Chagas disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 755–759.
Risso MG, Garbarino GB, Mocetti E, Campetella O, Gonzalez Cappa SM, Buscaglia CA, Leguizamon MS, 2004. Differential expression of a virulence factor, the trans-sialidase, by the main Trypanosoma cruzi phylogenetic lineages. J Infect Dis 189: 2250–2259.
Vago AR, Macedo AM, Adad SJ, Reis DD, Corrêa-Oliveira R, 1996. PCR detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in oesophageal tissues of patients with chronic digestive Chagas' disease. Lancet 348: 891–892.
Vago AR, Macedo AM, Oliveira RP, Andrade LO, Chiari E, Galvão LM, Reis D, Pereira ME, Simpson AJ, Tostes S, Pena SD, 1996. Kinetoplast DNA signatures of Trypanosoma cruzi strains obtained directly from infected tissues. Am J Pathol 149: 2153–2159.
Vago A, Andrade L, Leite A, Reis D, Macedo A, Adad S, Tostes S, Moreira M, Filo G, Pena S, 2000. Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from tissues of patients with chronic Chagas disease: differential distribution of genetic types into diverse organs. Am J Pathol 156: 1805–1809.
Brenière SF, Bosseno MF, Telleria J, Bastrenta B, Yacsik N, Noireau F, Alcazar JL, Barnabé C, Wincker P, Tibayrenc M, 1998. Different behavior of two Trypanosoma cruzi major clones: transmission and circulation in young Bolivian patients. Exp Parasitol 89: 285–295.
de Ornelas Toledo MJ, Bahia MT, Carneiro CM, Martins-Filho OA, Tibayrenc M, Barnabe C, Tafuri WL, de Lana M, 2003. Chemotherapy with benznidazole and itraconazole for mice infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi clonal genotypes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 223–230.
Coronado X, Zulantai I, Rozas M, Apt W, Sanchez G, Rodriguez J, Ortiz S, Solari A, 2006. Dissimilar distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi clones in humans after chemotherapy with allopurinol anad itraconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 58: 216–219.
Martins HR, Silva RM, Valadares HM, Toledo MJ, Veloso VM, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GL, Bahia MT, Martins-Filho OA, Macedo AM, Lana M, 2007. Impact of dual infections on chemotherapeutic efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with major genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 3282–3289.
Martins HR, Figueiredo LM, Valamiel-Silva JC, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GL, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Bahia MT, Martins-Filho OA, Macedo AM, Lana M, 2008. Persistence of PCR-positive tissue in benznidazole-treated mice with negative blood parasitological and serological tests in dual infections with Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from different genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: 1319–1327.
Brisse S, Dujardin JC, Tibayrenc M, 2000. Identification of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages by sequence-characterised amplified region markers. Mol Biochem Parasitol 111: 95–105.
Brisse S, Verhoef J, Tibayrenc M, 2001. Characterisation of large and small subunit rRNA and mini-exon genes further supports the distinction of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages. Int J Parasitol 31: 1218–1226.
Devera R, Fernandes O, Coura JR, 2003. Should Trypanosoma cruzi be called “cruzi” complex? A review of the parasite diversity and the potential of selecting population after in vitro culturing and mice infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98: 1–12.
Britto C, Cardoso MA, Ravel C, Santoro A, Pereira JB, Coura JR, Morel CM, Wincker P, 1995. Trypanosoma cruzi: parasite detection and strain discrimination in chronic chagasic patients from northeastern Brazil using PCR amplification of kinetoplast DNA and nonradioactive hybridization. Exp Parasitol 81: 462–471.
Britto CM, Lima MM, Sarquis O, Pires MQ, Coutinho CF, Duarte R, Pacheco RS, 2008. Genetic polymorphism in Trypanosoma cruzi I isolated from Brazilian northeast triatomines revealed by low-stringency single specific primer-polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 103: 1111–1117.
Morel C, Chiari E, Camargo EP, Mattei DM, Romanha AJ, Simpson L, 1980. Strains and clones of Trypanosoma cruzi can be characterized by pattern of restriction endonuclease products of kinetoplast DNA minicircles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 6810–6814.
Sturm N, Degrave W, Morel C, Simpson L, 1989. Sensitive detection and schizodeme classification of Trypanosoma cruzi cells by amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA sequences: use in diagnosis of Chagas' disease. Mol Biochem Parasitol 33: 205–214.
Marcet PL, Duffy T, Cardinal MV, Burgos JM, Lauricella MA, Levin MJ, Kitron U, Gürtler RE, Schijman AG, 2006. PCR-based screening and lineage identification of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from faecal samples of triatomine bugs from northwestern Argentina. Parasitology 132: 57–65.
Triana O, Ortiz S, Dujardin JC, Solari A, 2006. Trypanosoma cruzi: variability of stocks from Colombia determined by molecular karyotype and minicircle Southern blot analysis. Vet Parasitol Exp Parasitol 113: 62–66.
Telleria J, Lafay B, Virreira M, Barnabe C, Tibayrenc M, Svoboda M, 2006. Tr(i) panosoma cruzi: sequence analysis of the variable region of kinetoplast minicircles. Exp Parasitol 114: 279–288.
Velázquez M, Diez CN, Mora C, Diosque P, Marcipar IS, 2008. Trypanosoma cruzi: an analysis of the minicircle hypervariable regions diversity and its influence on strain typing. Exp Parasitol 120: 235–241.
Avila HA, Pereira JB, Thiemann O, De Paiva E, DeGrave W, Morel CM, Simpson L, 1993. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood specimens of chronic chagasic patients by polymerase chain reaction amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA: comparison with serology and xenodiagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2421–2426.
Wincker P, Brito C, Borges Pereira J, Cardoso MA, Oelemann W, Morel CM, 1994. Use of a simplified polymerase chain reaction procedure to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in blood samples from chronic chagasic patients in a rural endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 133–139.
Rozas M, Botto-Mahan C, Coronado X, Ortiz S, Cattan PE, Solari A, 2007. Coexistence of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes in wild and periodomestic mammals in Chile. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 647–653.
Diez M, Favaloro L, Bertolotti A, Burgos JM, Vigliano C, Lastra MP, Levin MJ, Arnedo A, Nagel C, Schijman AG, Favaloro RR, 2007. Usefuness of PCR strategies for early diagnosis of Chagas disease reactivation and treatment follow-up in heart transplantation. Am J Transplant 7: 1633–1640.
Diez CN, Manattini S, Zanuttini JC, Bottasso O, Marcipar I, 2008. The value of molecular studies for the diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease in northeastern Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 624–627.
Solari A, Campillay R, Ortíz S, Wallace A, 2001. Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes circulating in Chilean chagasic patients. Exp Parasitol 97: 226–233.
Salazar A, Schijman AG, Triana-Chávez O, 2006. High variability of Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi lineage I stocks as revealed by low-stringency single primer-PCR minicircle signatures. Acta Trop 100: 110–118.
Lisboa CV, Pinho AP, Herrera HM, Gerhardt M, Cupolillo E, Jansen AM, 2008. Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) genotypes in neotropical bats in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 156: 314–318.
Burgos JM, Altcheh J, Bisio M, Duffy T, Valadares HM, Seidenstein ME, Piccinali R, Freitas JM, Levin MJ, Macchi L, Macedo AM, Freilij H, Schijman AG, 2007. Direct molecular profiling of minicircle signatures and lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream populations causing congenital Chagas disease. Int J Parasitol 37: 1319–1327.
Diosque P, Barnabé C, Padilla AM, Marco JD, Cardozo RM, Cimino RO, Nasser JR, Tibayrenc M, Basombrío MA, 2003. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a geographically restricted endemic area for Chagas disease in Argentina. Int J Parasitol 33: 997–1003.
Cardinal MV, Lauricella MA, Ceballos LA, Lanati L, Marcet PL, Levin MJ, Kitron U, Gürtler RE, Schijman AG, 2008. Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina. Int J Parasitol 38: 1533–1543.
Corrales RM, Mora MC, Negrette OS, Diosque P, Lacunza D, Virreira M, Brenière SF, Basombrio MA, 2009. Congenital Chagas disease involves Trypanosoma cruzi sub-lineage IId in the northwestern province of Salta, Argentina. Infect Genet Evol 9: 278–282.
Veas F, Breniere SF, Cuny G, Brengues C, Solari A, Tibayrenc M, 1991. General procedure to construct highly specific kDNA probes for clones of Trypanosoma cruzi for sensitive detection by polymerase chain reaction. Cell Mol Biol 37: 73–84.
Torres JP, Ortiz S, Muñoz S, Solari A, 2004. Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Chile are heterogeneous and composed of mixed populations when characterized by schizodeme and Southern analyses. Parasitology 128: 161–168.
Arimone Y, Miremont-Salamé G, Haramburu F, Molimard M, Moore N, Fourrier-Réglat A, Bégaud B, 2007. Inter-expert agreement of seven criteria in causality assessment of adverse drug reactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64: 482–488.
Virreira M, Alonso-Vega C, Solano M, Jijena J, Brutus L, Bustamante Z, Truyens C, Schneider D, Torrico F, Carlier Y, Svoboda M, 2006. Congenital Chagas disease in Bolivia is not associated with DNA polymorphism of Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 871–879.
Burgos JM, Begher S, Silva HM, Bisio M, Duffy T, Levin MJ, Macedo AM, Schijman AG, 2008. Molecular identification of Trypanosoma cruzi I tropism for central nervous system in Chagas reactivation due to AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 294–297.
Di Noia J, Buscaglia C, De Marchi C, Almeida I, Frasch A, 2002. A Trypanosoma cruzi small surface molecule provides the first immunological evidence that Chagas' disease is due to a single parasite lineage. J Exp Med 195: 401–413.
Montamat EE, Arauzo S, Cazzulo JJ, Subias E, 1987. Characterization by electrophoretic zymograms of 19 Trypanosoma cruzi clones derived from two chronic chagasic patients. Comp Biochem Physiol 87: 417–422.
Montamat EE, De Luca d'Oro GM, Perret B, Rivas C, 1992. Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi from Argentina by electrophoretic zymograms. Acta Trop 50: 125–133.
Montamat EE, De Luca d'Oro GM, Gallerano RH, Sosa R, Blanco A, 1996. Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi populations by zymodemes: correlation with clinical picture. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55: 625–628.
De Luca d'Oro GM, Gardenal CN, Perret B, Crisci JV, Montamat EE, 1993. Genetic structure of Trypanosoma cruzi populations from Argentina estimated from enzyme polymorphism. Parasitology 107: 405–410.
Fabbro De Suasnábar D, Arias E, Streiger M, Piacenza M, Ingaramo M, Del Barco M, Amicone N, 2000. Evolutive behavior towards cardiomyopathy of treated (nifurtimox or benznidazole) and untreated chronic chagasic patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42: 99–109.
Dubner S, Schapachnik E, Riera AR, Valero E, 2008. Chagas disease: state-of-the-art of diagnosis and management. Cardiol J 15: 493–504.
Abello M, González-Zuelgaray J, López C, Labadet C, 2008. Initiation modes of spontaneous monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with Chagas heart disease. Rev Esp Cardiol 61: 487–493.
Storino R, Auger S, Caravello O, Urrutia MI, Sanmartino M, Jörg M, 2002. Chagasic cardiopathy in endemic area versus sporadically infected patients. Rev Saude Publica 36: 755–758.
Venegas J, Coñoepan W, Pichuantes S, Miranda S, Apt W, Arribada A, Zulantay I, Coronado X, Rodriguez J, Reyes E, Solari A, Sanchez G, 2009. Differential distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi clones in human chronic chagasic cardiopathic and non-cardiopathic individuals. Acta Trop 109: 187–193.
Carranza JC, Valadares HM, D'Avila DA, Baptista RP, Moreno M, Galvão LM, Chiari E, Sturm NR, Gontijo ED, Macedo AM, Zingales B, 2009. Trypanosoma cruzi maxicircle heterogeneity in Chagas disease patients from Brazil. Int J Parasitol 39: 963–973.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 459 | 356 | 127 |
Full Text Views | 274 | 8 | 4 |
PDF Downloads | 52 | 9 | 4 |