Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study communities.
- Previous filariasis activities in the study communities.
- Field sampling in the present study.
- Examination for circulating filarial antigen.
- Examination for single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mbl-2 gene.
- Definition of <Bold-Italic>mbl-2 </Bold-Italic> haplotype groups.
- Data analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2009. Lymphatic Filariasis: The Disease and Its Epidemiology. Available at: http://www.who.int/lymphatic_filariasis/epidemiology/en/. Accessed June 10, 2009.
-
2.
Ottesen EA, Mendell NR, Macqueen JM, Weller PF, Amos DB, Ward FE, 1981. Familial predisposition to filarial infection–not linked to HLA-A or -B locus specificities. Acta Trop 38: 205–216.
-
3.
Vanamail P, Subramanian S, Das PK, Pani SP, Bundy DAP, 1989. Familial clustering in Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Trop Biomed 6: 67––71.
-
4.
Terhell AJ, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Ruiterman Y, Haarbrink M, Abadi K, Yazdanbakhsh M, 2000. Clustering of Brugia malayi infection in a community in South-Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasitology 120: 23–29.
-
5.
Wahyuni S, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Syafruddin, Supali T, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E, 2004. Clustering of filarial infection in an age-graded study: genetic, household and environmental influences. Parasitology 128: 315–321.
-
6.
Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Makunde WH, 1995. A 16-year follow-up study on bancroftian filariasis in three communities of north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89: 665–675.
-
7.
Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Magesa SM, 2004. A 26-year follow-up of bancroftian filariasis in two communities in north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98: 155–169.
-
8.
Beuria MK, Bal MS, Mandal NN, Das MK, 2002. Antigenemia at 10 years after diethylcarbamazine treatment of asymptomatic microfilaraemic individuals: marginal conversion to infection-free state. Parasite Immunol 24: 109–111.
-
9.
Sahoo PK, Geddam JJB, Satapathy AK, Mohanty MC, Das BK, Acharya AS, Mishra N, Ravindran B, 2002. Bancroftian filariasis: a 13-year follow-up study of asymptomatic microfilariae carriers and endemic normals in Orissa, India. Parasitology 124: 191–201.
-
10.
Rwegoshora RT, Simonsen PE, Meyrowitsch DW, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Michael E, Pedersen EM, 2007. Bancroftian filariasis: house-to-house variation in the vectors and transmission—and the relationship to human infection—in an endemic community of coastal Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 51–60.
-
11.
Lammie PJ, Hitch WL, Allen EMW, Hightower W, Eberhard ML, 1991. Maternal filarial infection as a risk factor for infection in children. Lancet 337: 1005–1006.
-
12.
Chan SH, Dissanayake S, Mak JW, Ismail MM, Wee GB, Srinivasan N, Soo BH, Zaman V, 1984. HLA and filariasis in Sri Lankans and Indians. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 15: 281–286.
-
13.
Yong HS, Mak JW, 1993. Genetic aspects of lymphatic filariasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24: 37–39.
-
14.
Yazdanbakhsh M, Abadi K, de Roo M, van Wouwe L, Denham D, Medeiros F, Verduijn W, Schreuder GMT, Schipper R, Giphart MJ, de Vries RRP, 1997. HLA and elephantiasis revisited. Eur J Immunogenet 24: 439–442.
-
15.
Hise AG, Hazlett FE, Bockarie MJ, Zimerman PA, Tisch DJ, Kazura JW, 2003. Polymorphisms of innate immunity genes and susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis. Genes Immun 4: 524–527.
-
16.
Choi EH, Nutman TB, Chanock SJ, 2003. Genetic variation in immune function and susceptibility to human filariasis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 3: 367–374.
-
17.
Choi EH, Zimmerman PA, Foster CB, Zhu S, Kumaraswami V, Nutman TB, Chanock SJ, 2001. Genetic polymorphisms in molecules of innate immunity and susceptibility to infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in south India. Genes Immun 2: 248–253.
-
18.
Kilpatrick DC, 2002. Mannan-binding lectin and its role in innate immunity. Transfus Med 12: 335–351.
-
19.
Garred P, Strøm JJ, Quist L, Taaning E, Madsen HO, 2003. Association of mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms with sepsis and fatal outcome, in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Infect Dis 188: 1394–1403.
-
20.
McMahon JE, Magayuka SA, Kolstrup N, Mosha FW, Bushrod FM, Abaru DE, 1981. Studies on the transmission and prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in four coastal villages of Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 75: 415–431.
-
21.
Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Makunde WH, 1995. Bancroftian filariasis: analysis of infection and disease in five endemic communities of north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89: 653–663.
-
22.
Bushrod FM, 1979. Studies on filariasis transmission in Kwale, a Tanzanian coastal village, and the results of mosquito control measures. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73: 277–285.
-
23.
Kolstrup N, McMahon JE, Magayuka SA, Mosha FW, Bushrod FM, 1981. Control measures against bancroftian filariasis in coastal villages in Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 75: 433–451.
-
24.
Enevold A, Vestergaard LS, Lusingu J, Drakeley CJ, Lemnge MM, Theander TG, Bygbjerg IC, Alifrangis M, 2005. Rapid screening for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemoglobin polymorphisms in Africa by a simple high-throughput SSOP-ELISA method. Malar J 4: 1–8.
-
25.
Ottesen EA, Hooper PJ, Bradley M, Biswas G, 2008. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filriasis: health impact after 8 years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: 1–12.
-
26.
Subramanian S, Stilk WA, Ramaiah KD, Plaisier AP, Krishnamoorthy K, van Oortmarssen GJ, Amalraj DD, Habbema JDF, Das PK, 2004. The dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of longitudinal data from Pondicherry, India. Parasitology 128: 467–482.
-
27.
Madsen HO, Satz ML, Høeg B, Svejgaard A, Garred P, 1998. Different molecular events result in low protein levels of mannan-binding lectin in populations from southeast Africa and South America. J Immunol 161: 3169–3175.
-
28.
Garred P, Nielsen MA, Kurtzhals JAL, Malhotra R, Madsen HO, Goka BQ, Akanmori BD, Sim RB, Hviid L, 2003. Mannose-binding lectin is a disease modifier in clinical malaria and may function as opsonin for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infect Immun 71: 5245–5253.
-
29.
Garred P, Larsen F, Seyfarth J, Fujita R, Madsen HO, 2006. Mannose-binding lectin and its genetic variants. Genes Immun 7: 85–94.
-
30.
Søborg C, Andersen AB, Range N, Malenganisho W, Friis H, Magnussen P, Temu MM, Changalucha J, Madsen HO, Garred P, 2007. Influence of candidate susceptibility genes on tuberculosis in a high endemic region. Mol Immunol 44: 2213–2220.
-
31.
Satapathy AK, Sartono E, Sahoo PK, Dentener MA, Michael E, Yazdanbakhsh M, Ravindran B, 2006. Human banroftian filariasis: immunological markers of morbidity and infection. Microbes Infect 8: 2414–2423.
-
32.
Quinnell RJ, 2003. Genetics of susceptibility to human helminth infection. Int J Parasitol 33: 1219–1231.
-
33.
Carter T, Sumiya M, Reilly K, Ahmed R, Sobieszczuk P, Summerfield JA, Lawrence RA, 2007. Mannose-binding lectin A-deficient mice have abrogated antigen-specific IgM responses and increased susceptibility to a nematode infection. J Immunol 178: 5116–5123.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1382 | 1295 | 336 |
| Full Text Views | 336 | 15 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 73 | 13 | 2 |
Association between Mannose-Binding Lectin Polymorphisms and Wuchereria bancrofti Infection in Two Communities in North-Eastern Tanzania
Dan W. Meyrowitsch
Dan W. Meyrowitsch
Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL-Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology-7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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Paul E. Simonsen
Paul E. Simonsen
Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL-Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology-7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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Peter Garred
Peter Garred
Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL-Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology-7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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Michael Dalgaard
Michael Dalgaard
Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL-Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology-7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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Stephen M. Magesa
Stephen M. Magesa
Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL-Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology-7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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Michael Alifrangis
Michael Alifrangis
Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; DBL-Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology-7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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The association between selected mannose-binding lectin (MBL) genotype polymorphisms and Wuchereria bancrofti infection status was assessed among individuals whose infection status had been monitored for three decades. Blood samples were collected in 2006 and examined for polymorphisms in the mbl-2 gene and for W. bancrofti-specific circulating filarial antigen (CFA) status. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between MBL genotype and CFA status, with low-expression MBL genotype individuals being almost three times more likely to be CFA positive than high-expression MBL genotype individuals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.90). When individuals' filarial infection (microfilaria) status in 1975 was included in the analyses, the gain of new infections between the two examination points was almost 10 times higher among individuals with low than among those with high MBL expression genotype (OR = 9.51). The susceptibility to W. bancrofti infection thus appears to be significantly affected by the MBL expression genotype of the host.
Author Notes
Financial support: The project received financial support from the Ruth Wiemann Jensen Foundation, Denmark. The development of the MBL PCR-ELISA was partly funded by BioPorto Diagnostics A/S (www.bioporto.com).
Disclosure: The paper is published with the permission of the Director General of NIMR, Tanzania.
Authors' addresses: Dan W. Meyrowitsch, Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark, E-mail: d.meyrowitsch@pubhealth.ku.dk. Paul E. Simonsen, DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, E-mail: pesi@life.ku.dk. Peter Garred, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology-7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, E-mail: garred@post5.tele.dk. Michael Dalgaard, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark, E-mail: micdal@sund.ku.dk. Stephen M. Magesa, Ubwari Research Station, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, E-mail: smagesa@hotmail.com. Michael Alifrangis, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark, E-mail: micali@sund.ku.dk.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Study communities.
- Previous filariasis activities in the study communities.
- Field sampling in the present study.
- Examination for circulating filarial antigen.
- Examination for single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mbl-2 gene.
- Definition of <Bold-Italic>mbl-2 </Bold-Italic> haplotype groups.
- Data analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2009. Lymphatic Filariasis: The Disease and Its Epidemiology. Available at: http://www.who.int/lymphatic_filariasis/epidemiology/en/. Accessed June 10, 2009.
-
2.
Ottesen EA, Mendell NR, Macqueen JM, Weller PF, Amos DB, Ward FE, 1981. Familial predisposition to filarial infection–not linked to HLA-A or -B locus specificities. Acta Trop 38: 205–216.
-
3.
Vanamail P, Subramanian S, Das PK, Pani SP, Bundy DAP, 1989. Familial clustering in Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Trop Biomed 6: 67––71.
-
4.
Terhell AJ, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Ruiterman Y, Haarbrink M, Abadi K, Yazdanbakhsh M, 2000. Clustering of Brugia malayi infection in a community in South-Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasitology 120: 23–29.
-
5.
Wahyuni S, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Syafruddin, Supali T, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E, 2004. Clustering of filarial infection in an age-graded study: genetic, household and environmental influences. Parasitology 128: 315–321.
-
6.
Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Makunde WH, 1995. A 16-year follow-up study on bancroftian filariasis in three communities of north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89: 665–675.
-
7.
Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Magesa SM, 2004. A 26-year follow-up of bancroftian filariasis in two communities in north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98: 155–169.
-
8.
Beuria MK, Bal MS, Mandal NN, Das MK, 2002. Antigenemia at 10 years after diethylcarbamazine treatment of asymptomatic microfilaraemic individuals: marginal conversion to infection-free state. Parasite Immunol 24: 109–111.
-
9.
Sahoo PK, Geddam JJB, Satapathy AK, Mohanty MC, Das BK, Acharya AS, Mishra N, Ravindran B, 2002. Bancroftian filariasis: a 13-year follow-up study of asymptomatic microfilariae carriers and endemic normals in Orissa, India. Parasitology 124: 191–201.
-
10.
Rwegoshora RT, Simonsen PE, Meyrowitsch DW, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Michael E, Pedersen EM, 2007. Bancroftian filariasis: house-to-house variation in the vectors and transmission—and the relationship to human infection—in an endemic community of coastal Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 51–60.
-
11.
Lammie PJ, Hitch WL, Allen EMW, Hightower W, Eberhard ML, 1991. Maternal filarial infection as a risk factor for infection in children. Lancet 337: 1005–1006.
-
12.
Chan SH, Dissanayake S, Mak JW, Ismail MM, Wee GB, Srinivasan N, Soo BH, Zaman V, 1984. HLA and filariasis in Sri Lankans and Indians. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 15: 281–286.
-
13.
Yong HS, Mak JW, 1993. Genetic aspects of lymphatic filariasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24: 37–39.
-
14.
Yazdanbakhsh M, Abadi K, de Roo M, van Wouwe L, Denham D, Medeiros F, Verduijn W, Schreuder GMT, Schipper R, Giphart MJ, de Vries RRP, 1997. HLA and elephantiasis revisited. Eur J Immunogenet 24: 439–442.
-
15.
Hise AG, Hazlett FE, Bockarie MJ, Zimerman PA, Tisch DJ, Kazura JW, 2003. Polymorphisms of innate immunity genes and susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis. Genes Immun 4: 524–527.
-
16.
Choi EH, Nutman TB, Chanock SJ, 2003. Genetic variation in immune function and susceptibility to human filariasis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 3: 367–374.
-
17.
Choi EH, Zimmerman PA, Foster CB, Zhu S, Kumaraswami V, Nutman TB, Chanock SJ, 2001. Genetic polymorphisms in molecules of innate immunity and susceptibility to infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in south India. Genes Immun 2: 248–253.
-
18.
Kilpatrick DC, 2002. Mannan-binding lectin and its role in innate immunity. Transfus Med 12: 335–351.
-
19.
Garred P, Strøm JJ, Quist L, Taaning E, Madsen HO, 2003. Association of mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms with sepsis and fatal outcome, in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Infect Dis 188: 1394–1403.
-
20.
McMahon JE, Magayuka SA, Kolstrup N, Mosha FW, Bushrod FM, Abaru DE, 1981. Studies on the transmission and prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in four coastal villages of Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 75: 415–431.
-
21.
Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Makunde WH, 1995. Bancroftian filariasis: analysis of infection and disease in five endemic communities of north-eastern Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89: 653–663.
-
22.
Bushrod FM, 1979. Studies on filariasis transmission in Kwale, a Tanzanian coastal village, and the results of mosquito control measures. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73: 277–285.
-
23.
Kolstrup N, McMahon JE, Magayuka SA, Mosha FW, Bushrod FM, 1981. Control measures against bancroftian filariasis in coastal villages in Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 75: 433–451.
-
24.
Enevold A, Vestergaard LS, Lusingu J, Drakeley CJ, Lemnge MM, Theander TG, Bygbjerg IC, Alifrangis M, 2005. Rapid screening for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemoglobin polymorphisms in Africa by a simple high-throughput SSOP-ELISA method. Malar J 4: 1–8.
-
25.
Ottesen EA, Hooper PJ, Bradley M, Biswas G, 2008. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filriasis: health impact after 8 years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: 1–12.
-
26.
Subramanian S, Stilk WA, Ramaiah KD, Plaisier AP, Krishnamoorthy K, van Oortmarssen GJ, Amalraj DD, Habbema JDF, Das PK, 2004. The dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of longitudinal data from Pondicherry, India. Parasitology 128: 467–482.
-
27.
Madsen HO, Satz ML, Høeg B, Svejgaard A, Garred P, 1998. Different molecular events result in low protein levels of mannan-binding lectin in populations from southeast Africa and South America. J Immunol 161: 3169–3175.
-
28.
Garred P, Nielsen MA, Kurtzhals JAL, Malhotra R, Madsen HO, Goka BQ, Akanmori BD, Sim RB, Hviid L, 2003. Mannose-binding lectin is a disease modifier in clinical malaria and may function as opsonin for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infect Immun 71: 5245–5253.
-
29.
Garred P, Larsen F, Seyfarth J, Fujita R, Madsen HO, 2006. Mannose-binding lectin and its genetic variants. Genes Immun 7: 85–94.
-
30.
Søborg C, Andersen AB, Range N, Malenganisho W, Friis H, Magnussen P, Temu MM, Changalucha J, Madsen HO, Garred P, 2007. Influence of candidate susceptibility genes on tuberculosis in a high endemic region. Mol Immunol 44: 2213–2220.
-
31.
Satapathy AK, Sartono E, Sahoo PK, Dentener MA, Michael E, Yazdanbakhsh M, Ravindran B, 2006. Human banroftian filariasis: immunological markers of morbidity and infection. Microbes Infect 8: 2414–2423.
-
32.
Quinnell RJ, 2003. Genetics of susceptibility to human helminth infection. Int J Parasitol 33: 1219–1231.
-
33.
Carter T, Sumiya M, Reilly K, Ahmed R, Sobieszczuk P, Summerfield JA, Lawrence RA, 2007. Mannose-binding lectin A-deficient mice have abrogated antigen-specific IgM responses and increased susceptibility to a nematode infection. J Immunol 178: 5116–5123.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1382 | 1295 | 336 |
| Full Text Views | 336 | 15 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 73 | 13 | 2 |