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1
Hatz PJ, Brooker S, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, Loukas A, Xiao SH, 2006. Current concepts: hookworm infection. N Engl J Med 351 :799–807.
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2
Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA, 2006. Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Adv Parasitol 62 :221–261.
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3
Brooker S, 2007. Spatial epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in Africa: risk models, transmission dynamics and control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :1–8.
-
4
Beuchat A, 1952. Estudo das helmintiases e das bilharzioses no concelho de Gaza, Baixo-Limpopo. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 9 :1081–1085.
-
5
Doumenge JP, Mott KE, Cheung C, Villenave D, Chapuis O, Perrin MF, Reaud-Thomas G, 1987. Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Bordeaux: Presse Universitaires de Bordeaux.
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6
Rey L, 1978. Esquistossomose em Moçambique. Relatório de Uma Visita para Avaliação do Problema e Sugestões para a Organização de Controle de Endemia (2 de Abril a 23 de Maio de 1978). Geneva: World Health Organization, (MPO/SCH).
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7
Peters PA, Warren KS, Mahmoud AA, 1976. Rapid, accurate quantification of schistosomiasis eggs via Nuclepore filters. J Parasitol 62 :154–155.
-
8
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino JA, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14 :397–400.
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9
World Health Organization, 1999. Procedimentos Laboratorias em Parasitologi Médica. São Paulo: Livraria Editora Santos.
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10
Montresor A, Crompton DW, Bundi DA, Hall A, Savioli L, 1998. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at the Community Level. A Guide for Managers of Control Programmes. World Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CTD/SIP/981.
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11
Ministry of Education of Mozambique, 2007. Statistical Annual Report.
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12
de Morais AT, 1956. As bilharzioses humanas na Zambézia. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 13 :69–82.
-
13
de Morais AT, 1957. As bilharzioses humanas no distrito do Niassa (África oriental Portuguesa). An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) XIV :145–153.
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14
de Morais AT, 1957. The incidence and geographical distribution of human bilharziasis in Mozambique. C.R. 3o Congres de la P.I O.S.A., Tananarive, section G, 93–96.
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15
de Morais AT, 1957. As bilharzioses humanas no distrito de Moçambique. Instituto de Investigação Médica de Moçambique. Trabalho entregue para publicação em 06-09-1957.
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16
de Morais AT, 1957. As bilharzioses humanas no distrito de Cabo Delgado. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 14 :455–470.
-
17
Chandiwana SK, Christensen NO, 1988. Analysis of the dynamics of transmission of human schistosomiasis in the highveld region of Zimbabwe. A review. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :187–193.
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18
Appleton CC, 1977. The influence of temperature on the life-cycle and distribution of Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss 1848) in south-eastern Africa. Int J Parasitol 7 :335–345.
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19
Hamer ML, Appleton CC, 1991. Physical and chemical characteristics and phyllopod fauna of temporal pools in north-eastern Natal, Republic of South Africa. Hydrobiologa 212 :95–104.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2278 | 1635 | 425 |
| Full Text Views | 1055 | 18 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 645 | 13 | 2 |
Geographic Distribution and Prevalence of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths among Schoolchildren in Mozambique
Gerito Augusto
Gerito Augusto
Departamento de Parasitologia Intestinal e Vesical, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique
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Rassul Nalá
Rassul Nalá
Departamento de Parasitologia Intestinal e Vesical, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique
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Verónica Casmo
Verónica Casmo
Departamento de Parasitologia Intestinal e Vesical, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique
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Acácio Sabonete
Acácio Sabonete
Departamento de Parasitologia Intestinal e Vesical, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique
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Lourenço Mapaco
Lourenço Mapaco
Departamento de Parasitologia Intestinal e Vesical, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique
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Judite Monteiro
Judite Monteiro
Departamento de Parasitologia Intestinal e Vesical, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique
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Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are most prevalent in developing countries. In Mozambique, the first and only national survey of the distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis and STHs was conducted in 1952 and 1957. Only occasional surveys in restricted areas have been conducted since the 1950s. The objective of our survey was to update information on the geographic distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis and STHs in this country. During August 2005–June 2007, the Schistosomiasis and STH Laboratory of National Institutes of Health of the Ministry of Health undertook an epidemiologic survey among schoolchildren. A total of 83,331 persons attending primary schools were sampled. The mean age was 11.36 years (range: 7–22 years). Stool and urine samples were collected and examined by using Kato-Katz and filtration and Ritchie and Willis techniques. Results indicate a widespread occurrence of Schistosoma haematobium (overall prevalence = 47.0%) and STHs (prevalence = 53.5%). Prevalence varied dramatically across the country, with the highest prevalence in districts in northern provinces (Cabo Delgado, Niassa, Nampula, and Zambezia) and in certain provincial capital cities. Districts in the southern region of the country were less affected. Schistosoma mansoni was less common, with prevalence of 1%. We conclude that schistosomiasis and STHs are widely distributed in Mozambique and confirm the need for a national helminth control program.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
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-
1
Hatz PJ, Brooker S, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, Loukas A, Xiao SH, 2006. Current concepts: hookworm infection. N Engl J Med 351 :799–807.
-
2
Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA, 2006. Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Adv Parasitol 62 :221–261.
-
3
Brooker S, 2007. Spatial epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in Africa: risk models, transmission dynamics and control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :1–8.
-
4
Beuchat A, 1952. Estudo das helmintiases e das bilharzioses no concelho de Gaza, Baixo-Limpopo. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 9 :1081–1085.
-
5
Doumenge JP, Mott KE, Cheung C, Villenave D, Chapuis O, Perrin MF, Reaud-Thomas G, 1987. Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Bordeaux: Presse Universitaires de Bordeaux.
-
6
Rey L, 1978. Esquistossomose em Moçambique. Relatório de Uma Visita para Avaliação do Problema e Sugestões para a Organização de Controle de Endemia (2 de Abril a 23 de Maio de 1978). Geneva: World Health Organization, (MPO/SCH).
-
7
Peters PA, Warren KS, Mahmoud AA, 1976. Rapid, accurate quantification of schistosomiasis eggs via Nuclepore filters. J Parasitol 62 :154–155.
-
8
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino JA, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14 :397–400.
-
9
World Health Organization, 1999. Procedimentos Laboratorias em Parasitologi Médica. São Paulo: Livraria Editora Santos.
-
10
Montresor A, Crompton DW, Bundi DA, Hall A, Savioli L, 1998. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at the Community Level. A Guide for Managers of Control Programmes. World Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/CTD/SIP/981.
-
11
Ministry of Education of Mozambique, 2007. Statistical Annual Report.
-
12
de Morais AT, 1956. As bilharzioses humanas na Zambézia. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 13 :69–82.
-
13
de Morais AT, 1957. As bilharzioses humanas no distrito do Niassa (África oriental Portuguesa). An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) XIV :145–153.
-
14
de Morais AT, 1957. The incidence and geographical distribution of human bilharziasis in Mozambique. C.R. 3o Congres de la P.I O.S.A., Tananarive, section G, 93–96.
-
15
de Morais AT, 1957. As bilharzioses humanas no distrito de Moçambique. Instituto de Investigação Médica de Moçambique. Trabalho entregue para publicação em 06-09-1957.
-
16
de Morais AT, 1957. As bilharzioses humanas no distrito de Cabo Delgado. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 14 :455–470.
-
17
Chandiwana SK, Christensen NO, 1988. Analysis of the dynamics of transmission of human schistosomiasis in the highveld region of Zimbabwe. A review. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :187–193.
-
18
Appleton CC, 1977. The influence of temperature on the life-cycle and distribution of Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss 1848) in south-eastern Africa. Int J Parasitol 7 :335–345.
-
19
Hamer ML, Appleton CC, 1991. Physical and chemical characteristics and phyllopod fauna of temporal pools in north-eastern Natal, Republic of South Africa. Hydrobiologa 212 :95–104.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2278 | 1635 | 425 |
| Full Text Views | 1055 | 18 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 645 | 13 | 2 |