Griffin DE, 2001. Alphaviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE, eds. Field’s Virology. New York: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 917–962.
Strauss JH, Strauss EG, 1994. The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol Rev 58 :491–562.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81 :471–479.
Sudeep AB, Parashar D, 2008. Chikungunya: an overview. J Biosci 33 :443–449.
Ross RW, 1956. The Newala epidemic. III. The virus: isolation, pathogenic properties and relationship to the epidemic. J Hyg (Lond) 54 :177–191.
Powers AM, Logue CH, 2007. Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol 88 :2363–2377.
Sarkar JK, Pavri KM, Chatterjee SN, Chakravarty SK, Anderson CR, 1964. Virological and serological studies of cases of haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta. Material collected by the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine. Indian J Med Res 52 :684–691.
Jupp PG, McIntosh B, M., 1988. Chikungunya virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 137–157.
Laras K, Sukri NC, Larasati RP, Bangs MJ, Kosim R, Djauzi, Wandra T, Master J, Kosasih H, Hartati S, Beckett C, Sedyaningsih ER, Beecham HJ III, Corwin AL, 2005. Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :128–141.
Johnson BK, 1988. O’nyong-nyong virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 217–223.
Williams MC, Woodall JP, Corbet PS, Gillett JD, 1965. O’nyong-nyong fever: an epidemic virus disease in east Africa. 8. Virus isolations from Anopheles mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 59 :300–306.
Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Sempala SD, Kiwanuka N, Kamugisha J, Okware S, Bagambisa G, Lanciotti R, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1997. Emergence of epidemic O’nyong-nyong fever in southwestern Uganda, after an absence of 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :77.
Lanciotti RS, Ludwig ML, Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Kram TM, Karabatsos N, Cropp BC, Miller BR, 1998. Emergence of epidemic O’nyong-nyong fever in Uganda after a 35-year absence: genetic characterization of the virus. Virology 252 :258–268.
Posey DL, O’Rourke T, Roehrig JT, Lanciotti RS, Weinberg M, Maloney S, 2005. O’Nyong-nyong fever in west Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :32.
Williams MC, Woodall JP, 1961. O’nyong-nyong fever: an epidemic virus disease in east Africa. II. Isolation and some properties of the virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 55 :135–141.
Pastorino B, Bessaud M, Grandadam M, Murri S, Tolou HJ, Peyrefitte CN, 2005. Development of a TaqMan RT-PCR assay without RNA extraction step for the detection and quantification of African Chikungunya viruses. J Virol Methods 124 :65–71.
Naresh M, Kumar CV, Anthony Johnson AM, Sai R, Gopal DV, 2007. Molecular characterization of chikungunya virus from Andhra Pradesh, India and phylogenetic relationship with central African isolates. Indian J Med Res 126 :534–540.
Edwards CJ, Welch SR, Chamberlain J, Hewson R, Tolley H, Cane PA, Lloyd G, 2007. Molecular diagnosis and analysis of Chikungunya virus. J Clin Virol 39 :271–275.
Grivard P, Le Roux K, Laurent P, Fianu A, Perrau J, Gigan J, Hoarau G, Grondin N, Staikowsky F, Favier F, Michault A, 2007. Molecular and serological diagnosis of Chikungunya virus infection. Pathol Biol (Paris) 55 :490–494.
Laurent P, Le Roux K, Grivard P, Bertil G, Naze F, Picard M, Staikowsky F, Barau G, Schuffenecker I, Michault A, 2007. Development of a sensitive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay with an internal control to detect and quantify Chikungunya virus. Clin Chem 53 :1408–1414.
Santhosh SR, Parida MM, Dash PK, Pateriya A, Pattnaik B, Pradhan HK, Tripathi NK, Ambuj S, Gupta N, Saxena P, Lakshmana Rao PV, 2007. Development and evaluation of SYBR Green I-based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus. J Clin Virol 39 :188–193.
Parida MM, Santhosh SR, Dash PK, Tripathi NK, Lakshmi V, Mamidi N, Shrivastva A, Gupta N, Saxena P, Babu JP, Rao PV, Morita K, 2007. Rapid and real-time detection of Chikungunya virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol 45 :351–357.
Carletti F, Bordi L, Chiappini R, Ippolito G, Sciarrone MR, Capobianchi MR, Di Caro A, Castilletti C, 2007. Rapid detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus by a one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction real-time assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :521–524.
Bookout AL, Cummins CL, Mangelsdorf DJ, Pesola JM, Kramer MF, 2006. High-throughput real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Chapter 15: Unit 15.8. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215 :403–410.
Apte A, Singh S, 2007. AlleleID: a pathogen detection and identification system. Methods Mol Biol 402 :329–346.
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Chikungunya (CHIK) and O’nyong-nyong (ONN) are important emerging arthropod-borne diseases. Molecular diagnosis of these two viruses in mosquitoes has not been evaluated, and the effects of extraneous mosquito tissue on assay performance have not been tested. Additionally, no real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay exists for detecting ONN virus (ONNV) RNA. We describe the development of sensitive and specific real-time RT-PCR assays for detecting CHIK and ONN viral RNA in mosquitoes, which have application for field use. In addition, we compared three methods for primer/probe design for assay development by evaluating their sensitivity and specificity. This comparison resulted in development of virus-specific assays that could detect less than one plaque-forming unit equivalent of each of the viruses in mosquitoes. The use of these assays will aid in arthropod-borne disease surveillance and in the control of the associated diseases.
Griffin DE, 2001. Alphaviruses. Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE, eds. Field’s Virology. New York: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 917–962.
Strauss JH, Strauss EG, 1994. The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol Rev 58 :491–562.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81 :471–479.
Sudeep AB, Parashar D, 2008. Chikungunya: an overview. J Biosci 33 :443–449.
Ross RW, 1956. The Newala epidemic. III. The virus: isolation, pathogenic properties and relationship to the epidemic. J Hyg (Lond) 54 :177–191.
Powers AM, Logue CH, 2007. Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol 88 :2363–2377.
Sarkar JK, Pavri KM, Chatterjee SN, Chakravarty SK, Anderson CR, 1964. Virological and serological studies of cases of haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta. Material collected by the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine. Indian J Med Res 52 :684–691.
Jupp PG, McIntosh B, M., 1988. Chikungunya virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 137–157.
Laras K, Sukri NC, Larasati RP, Bangs MJ, Kosim R, Djauzi, Wandra T, Master J, Kosasih H, Hartati S, Beckett C, Sedyaningsih ER, Beecham HJ III, Corwin AL, 2005. Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :128–141.
Johnson BK, 1988. O’nyong-nyong virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 217–223.
Williams MC, Woodall JP, Corbet PS, Gillett JD, 1965. O’nyong-nyong fever: an epidemic virus disease in east Africa. 8. Virus isolations from Anopheles mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 59 :300–306.
Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Sempala SD, Kiwanuka N, Kamugisha J, Okware S, Bagambisa G, Lanciotti R, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, 1997. Emergence of epidemic O’nyong-nyong fever in southwestern Uganda, after an absence of 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis 3 :77.
Lanciotti RS, Ludwig ML, Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Kram TM, Karabatsos N, Cropp BC, Miller BR, 1998. Emergence of epidemic O’nyong-nyong fever in Uganda after a 35-year absence: genetic characterization of the virus. Virology 252 :258–268.
Posey DL, O’Rourke T, Roehrig JT, Lanciotti RS, Weinberg M, Maloney S, 2005. O’Nyong-nyong fever in west Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :32.
Williams MC, Woodall JP, 1961. O’nyong-nyong fever: an epidemic virus disease in east Africa. II. Isolation and some properties of the virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 55 :135–141.
Pastorino B, Bessaud M, Grandadam M, Murri S, Tolou HJ, Peyrefitte CN, 2005. Development of a TaqMan RT-PCR assay without RNA extraction step for the detection and quantification of African Chikungunya viruses. J Virol Methods 124 :65–71.
Naresh M, Kumar CV, Anthony Johnson AM, Sai R, Gopal DV, 2007. Molecular characterization of chikungunya virus from Andhra Pradesh, India and phylogenetic relationship with central African isolates. Indian J Med Res 126 :534–540.
Edwards CJ, Welch SR, Chamberlain J, Hewson R, Tolley H, Cane PA, Lloyd G, 2007. Molecular diagnosis and analysis of Chikungunya virus. J Clin Virol 39 :271–275.
Grivard P, Le Roux K, Laurent P, Fianu A, Perrau J, Gigan J, Hoarau G, Grondin N, Staikowsky F, Favier F, Michault A, 2007. Molecular and serological diagnosis of Chikungunya virus infection. Pathol Biol (Paris) 55 :490–494.
Laurent P, Le Roux K, Grivard P, Bertil G, Naze F, Picard M, Staikowsky F, Barau G, Schuffenecker I, Michault A, 2007. Development of a sensitive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay with an internal control to detect and quantify Chikungunya virus. Clin Chem 53 :1408–1414.
Santhosh SR, Parida MM, Dash PK, Pateriya A, Pattnaik B, Pradhan HK, Tripathi NK, Ambuj S, Gupta N, Saxena P, Lakshmana Rao PV, 2007. Development and evaluation of SYBR Green I-based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus. J Clin Virol 39 :188–193.
Parida MM, Santhosh SR, Dash PK, Tripathi NK, Lakshmi V, Mamidi N, Shrivastva A, Gupta N, Saxena P, Babu JP, Rao PV, Morita K, 2007. Rapid and real-time detection of Chikungunya virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol 45 :351–357.
Carletti F, Bordi L, Chiappini R, Ippolito G, Sciarrone MR, Capobianchi MR, Di Caro A, Castilletti C, 2007. Rapid detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus by a one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction real-time assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :521–524.
Bookout AL, Cummins CL, Mangelsdorf DJ, Pesola JM, Kramer MF, 2006. High-throughput real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Chapter 15: Unit 15.8. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215 :403–410.
Apte A, Singh S, 2007. AlleleID: a pathogen detection and identification system. Methods Mol Biol 402 :329–346.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 563 | 518 | 22 |
Full Text Views | 342 | 14 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 168 | 14 | 0 |