Trouiller P, Olliaro P, Torreele E, Orbinski J, Laing R, Ford N, 2002. Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure. Lancet 359 :2188–2194.
World Health Organization, 2002. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 77 :365–370.
Desjeux P, 2004. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27 :305–318.
Sundar S, Rai M, 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :951–958.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5 :873–882.
Islam MZ, Itoh M, Takagi H, Islam AU, Ekram AR, Rahman A, Takesue A, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E, 2008. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect urinary antibody against recombinant rKRP42 antigen made from Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79 :599–604.
Da Silva MR, Stewart JM, Costa CH, 2005. Sensitivity of bone marrow aspirates in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :811–814.
Antinori S, Calattini S, Longhi E, Bestetti G, Piolini R, Magni C, Orlando G, Gramiccia M, Acquaviva V, Foschi A, Corvasce S, Colomba C, Titone L, Parravicini C, Cascio A, Corbellino M, 2007. Clinical use of polymerase chain reaction performed on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for the diagnosis and monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients: a single-center, 8-year experience in Italy and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 44 :1602–1610.
Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, 2007. Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: current status and future applications. J Clin Microbiol 45 :21–25.
Singh RK, Pandey HP, Sundar S, 2006. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): challenges ahead. Indian J Med Res 123 :331–344.
Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T, 2000. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28 :E63.
Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T, 2002. Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Mol Cell Probes 16 :223–229.
Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T, 2001. Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289 :150–154.
Poon LL, Wong BW, Ma EH, Chan KH, Chow LM, Abeyewickreme W, Tangpukdee N, Yuen KY, Guan Y, Looareesuwan S, Peiris JS, 2006. Sensitive and inexpensive molecular test for falciparum malaria: detecting Plasmodium falciparum DNA directly from heat-treated blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Clin Chem 52 :303–306.
Shamsuzzaman SM, Furuya M, Shamsuzzaman Choudhury AK, Korenaga M, Hashiguchi Y, 2000. Characterisation of Bangladeshi Leishmania isolated from kala-azar patients by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Parasitol Int 49 :139–145.
Salotra P, Sreenivas G, Pogue GP, Lee N, Nakhasi HL, Ramesh V, Negi NS, 2001. Development of a species-specific PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in clinical samples from patients with kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 39 :849–854.
Sreenivas G, Ansari NA, Kataria J, Salotra P, 2004. Nested PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in slit aspirates from post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis lesions. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1777–1778.
Kuboki N, Inoue N, Sakurai T, Di Cello F, Grab DJ, Suzuki H, Sugimoto C, Igarashi I, 2003. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of African trypanosomes. J Clin Microbiol 41 :5517–5524.
Njiru ZK, Mikosza AS, Armstrong T, Enyaru JC, Ndung’u JM, Thompson AR, 2008. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2 :e147.
Rogers WO, Wirth DF, 1987. Kinetoplast DNA minicircles: regions of extensive sequence divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84 :565–569.
Bhattacharyya R, Das K, Sen S, Roy S, Majumder HK, 1996. Development of a genus specific primer set for detection of Leishmania parasites by polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiol Lett 135 :195–200.
Lambson B, Smyth A, Barker D, 1999. Sequence homology within a minicircle class of the Leishmania donovani complex. Mol Biochem Parasitol 101 :229–232.
Gatti S, Gramegna M, Klersy C, Madama S, Bruno A, Maserati R, Bernuzzi AM, Cevini C, Scaglia M, 2004. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: the sensitivities and specificities of traditional methods and a nested PCR assay. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :667–676.
Osman OF, Oskam L, Zijlstra EE, Kroon NC, Schoone GJ, Khalil ET, El-Hassan AM, Kager PA, 1997. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2454–2457.
Adhya S, Chatterjee M, Hassan MQ, Mukherjee S, Sen S, 1995. Detection of Leishmania in the blood of early kala-azar patients with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :622–624.
Wilson IG, 1997. Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 :3741–3751.
Maurya R, Singh RK, Kumar B, Salotra P, Rai M, Sundar S, 2005. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of Indian kala-azar and assessment of cure. J Clin Microbiol 43 :3038–3041.
Kaneko H, Kawana T, Fukushima E, Suzutani T, 2007. Tolerance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to a culture medium and biological substances. J Biochem Biophys Methods 70 :499–501.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Full Text Views | 508 | 217 | 10 |
PDF Downloads | 240 | 106 | 12 |
We have applied a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique to detect Leishmania donovani DNA. The LAMP technique detected 1 fg of L. donovani DNA, which was 10-fold more sensitive than a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All nested PCR–positive blood samples from visceral leishmaniasis patients were positive with the LAMP technique, and DNA samples from L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, L. tropica, L. braziliensis, Plasmodium falciparum, and healthy humans were negative with the LAMP technique. The advantages of the LAMP method are its shorter reaction time, a lack of requirement of sophisticated equipment, and visual judgment of positivity based on the turbidity of reaction mixture. Our LAMP technique can be a better alternative to a conventional PCR, especially under field conditions.