ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Gamble C, Ekwaru JP, ter Kuile FO, 2006. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 2 :CD003755, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003755.pub2.
-
2
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 2 :CD000363, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000363.pub2.
-
3
Lindblade K, Eisele TP, Gimnig JE, Alaii JA, Odhiambo F, ter Kuile FO, Hawley W, Wannemuehler KA, Phillips-Howard PA, Rosen DH, Nahlen Bernard L, Terlouw DJ, Adazu K, Vulule JM, Slutsker L, 2004. Sustainability of reductions in malaria transmission and infant mortality in western Kenya with use of insecticide-treated bednets: 4 to 6 years of follow-up. JAMA 291 :2571–2580.
-
4
World Health Organization. Guidelines on the Use of Insecticide-treated Mosquito Nets for the Prevention and Control of Malaria in Africa. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/pushba2.htm. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
5
Miller JM, Korenromp EL, Nahlen BL, Steketee RW, 2007. Estimating the number of insecticide-treated nets required by African households to reach continent-wide malaria coverage targets. JAMA 297 :2241–2250.
-
6
World Health Organization, 2003. Reducing the Burden of Malaria in Pregnancy. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/rbm/Attachment/20040713/MeraJan2003.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
7
Landis SH, Lokomba V, Anath CV, Atibu J, Ryder RW, Hartmann KE, Thorp JM, Tshefu A, Meshnick SR, 2009. Impact of maternal malaria and under-nutrition on intrauterine growth restriction: a prospective ultrasound study in Democratic Republic of Congo. Epidemiol Infect 137 :294–304.
-
8
Gimnig J, Lindblade KA, Mount DL, Atieli FK, Crawford S, Wolkon A, Hawley WA, Dotson EM, 2005. Laboratory wash resistance of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Trop Med Int Health 10 :1022–1029.
-
9
Région Afrique. Départment du Développement Humain Serie Documents de Travail, 2005 . Santé et Pauvreté en République Démocratique du Congo: Analyse et Cadre Stratégique de Lutte Contre la Paureté. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
10
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys [MICS], 2002. Enquete Mationale sur la Situation des Enfants et des Femmes MCS2/2001. Rapport d’Analyse. Volume 2. Kinshasa: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
-
11
UNICEF, 2008. State of the World’s Children, 2008. Basic Indicators. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/docs/sowc08_table_1.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
12
Verhoeff FH, Le Cessie S, Kalanda BF, Kazembe PN, Broadhead RL, Brabin BJ, 2004. Post-neonatal infant mortality in Malawi: the importance of maternal health. Ann Trop Paediatr 24 :161–169.
-
13
UNICEF, 2004. Low Birth Weight: Country, Regional, and Global Estimates. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/low_birthweight_from_EY.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
14
Milabyo Kyamusugulwa P, 2006. Low birth weight in Maniema (Democratic Republic of Congo). Sante 16 :103–107.
-
15
Coley JL, Msamanga GI, Fawzi MC, Kaaya S, Hertzmark E, Kapiga S, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi WW, 2001. The association between maternal HIV–1 infection and pregnancy outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BJOG 108 :1125–1133.
-
16
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl):50–60.
-
17
TheWorld Health Report 2005, 2005. Statistical Annex: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2005/annex/indicators_country_a-f.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
18
Temmerman M, Plummer FA, Mirza NB, Ndinya-Achola JO, Wamola IA, Nagelkerke N, Brunham RC, Piot P, 1990. Infection with HIV as a risk factor for adverse obstetrical outcome. AIDS 4 :1087–1093.
-
19
Lepage P, Van de Perre P, Msellati P, Hitimana DG, Simonon A, Van Goethem C, Mukamabano B, Karita E, Stevens A, Mathieu G, Salamon R, Dabis F, 1993. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its determinants: a cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. Am J Epidemiol 137 :589–599.
-
20
Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T, Guay LA, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, Sherman J, Bakaki P, Owor M, Ducar C, Deseyve M, Mwatha A, Emel L, Duefield C, Mirochnick M, Fowler MG, Mofenson L, Miotti P, Gigliotti M, Bray D, Mmiro F, 2003. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 362 :859–868.
-
21
Spira R, Lepage P, Msellati P, Van De Perre P, Leroy V, Simonon A, Karita E, Dabis F, 1999. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in children: a five-year prospective study in Rwanda. Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Study Group. Pediatrics 104 :e56.
-
22
World Health Organization, 2002. Global Burden of Disease Study: 2002 Estimates. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodestimates/en/index.html. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
23
World Health Organization. WHO Life Tables for Member States. Available at: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/life_tables/life_tables.cfm. Accessed August 21, Global Burden of Disease Study: 2002 Estimates. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodestimates/en/index.html. Accessed August 122008.
-
24
Szklo M, Nieto FJ, 2004. Epidemiology. Beyond the Basics. Salisbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
-
25
Mulanga-Kabeya C, Nzilambi N, Edidi B, Minlangu M, Tshimpaka T, Kambembo L, Atibu L, Mama N, Ilunga W, Sema H, Tshimanga K, Bongo B, Peeters M, Delaporte E, 1998. Evidence of stable HIV seroprevalence in selected populations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. AIDS 12 :905–910.
-
26
Garner P, Gülmezoglu AM, 2006. Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 4 :CD000169, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000169.pub2.
-
27
Taha TE, Dallabetta GA, Canner JK, Chiphangwi JD, Liomba G, Hoover DR, Miotti PG, 1995. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on birthweight, and infant and child mortality in urban Malawi. Int J Epidemiol 24 :1022–1029.
-
28
van Eijk AM, De Cock KM, Ayisi JG, Rosen DH, Otieno JA, Nahlen BL, Steketee RW, 2004. Pregnancy interval and delivery outcome among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women in Kisumu, Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :15–24.
-
29
World Health Organization. Choosing Interventions that Are Cost Effective (WHO-CHOICE). Available at: http://www.who.int/choice/en/. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
30
Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC, 1996. Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
31
Tan-Torres Edejer T, Baltussen R, Adam T, Hutubessy R, Acharya A, Evans DB, Murray CJ, 2003. Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
32
Briggs AH, 2000. Handling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness models. Pharmacoeconomics 17 :479–500.
-
33
Briggs AH, O’Brien BJ, Blackhouse G, 2002. Thinking outside the box: recent advances in the analysis and presentation of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness studies. Handling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness models. Annu Rev Public Health 23 :377–401.
-
34
Briggs A, Sculpher M, Claxton K, 2006. Decision Modeling for Health Economic Evaluation. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
35
World Health Organization, 2004. Democratic Republic of the Congo. Per Capita Total Expenditure on Health at International Dollar Rate. Available at: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/country/compare.cfm?country=COD&indicator=PcTotEOHinIntD&language=english. Accessed April 24, 2008.
-
36
Mulligan JA, Yukich J, Hanson K, 2008. Costs and effects of the Tanzanian national voucher scheme for insecticide-treated nets. Malar J 7 :32.
-
37
Mueller DH, Wiseman V, Bakusa D, Morgah K, Daré A, Tchamdja P, 2008. Cost-effectiveness analysis of insecticide-treated net distribution as part of the Togo Integrated Child Health Campaign. Malar J 7 :73.
-
38
Sweat MD, O’Reilly KR, Schmid GP, Denison J, de Zoysa I, 2004. Cost-effectiveness of nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in eight African countries. AIDS 18 :1661–1671.
-
39
Jamison DT, Mosley WH, Measham AR, Bobadilla JL, 1993. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press.
-
40
Roll Back Malaria, 2005. Country Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2005. Available at: http://rbm.who.int/wmr2005/profiles/drc.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
41
Yukich J, Tediosi F, Lengeler C, 2007. Operations, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Five Insecticide-treated Net Programs (Eritrea, Malawi, Tanzania, Togo,Senegal) and Two Indoor Residual Spraying Programs (Kwa-Zulu Natal, Mozambique). Basel: Swiss Tropical Institute.
-
42
Guyatt H, Gotink M, Ochola S, Snow R, 2002. Free bednets to pregnant women through antenatal clinics in Kenya: a cheap, simple, and equitable approach to delivery. Trop Med Int Health 7 :409–420.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 533 | 438 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 410 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 199 | 9 | 3 |
Cost-Effectiveness of Adding Bed Net Distribution for Malaria Prevention to Antenatal Services in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sylvia I. Becker-Dreps
Sylvia I. Becker-Dreps
Department of Family Medicine and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Salvation Army, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Andrea K. Biddle
Andrea K. Biddle
Department of Family Medicine and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Salvation Army, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Audrey Pettifor
Audrey Pettifor
Department of Family Medicine and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Salvation Army, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Gertrude Musuamba
Gertrude Musuamba
Department of Family Medicine and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Salvation Army, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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David Nku Imbie
David Nku Imbie
Department of Family Medicine and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Salvation Army, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Steven Meshnick
Steven Meshnick
Department of Family Medicine and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Salvation Army, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Frieda Behets
Frieda Behets
Department of Family Medicine and Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Salvation Army, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of distributing insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) for malaria prevention at antenatal clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. A decision tree model was used to estimate costs, outcomes, and incremental cost-effectiveness for 17,893 pregnant women attending 28 antenatal clinics who received long-lasting ITNs free of charge. Costs including purchase, transportation, storage, and distribution of ITNs were derived from program records. The ITN efficacy and other parameters were derived from peer-reviewed literature. Outcomes modeled included low birth weight (LBW) deliveries, infant deaths averted, life-years saved (LYs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. For the 17,893 women in our program, ITN distribution would be expected to avert 587 LBW deliveries and 414 infant deaths. The incremental cost-effectiveness was US $17.22 per DALY averted (95% confidence interval [CI] = US $8.54–$30.90), US $15.70 per LY saved (95% CI = US $7.65–$27.68), and US $411.13 per infant death averted (95% CI = US $353.95–$1,085.89). If resources were constrained, the greatest benefit would be among women in their first through fourth pregnancies. Thus, ITN distribution is a cost-effective addition to antenatal services.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Gamble C, Ekwaru JP, ter Kuile FO, 2006. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 2 :CD003755, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003755.pub2.
-
2
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 2 :CD000363, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000363.pub2.
-
3
Lindblade K, Eisele TP, Gimnig JE, Alaii JA, Odhiambo F, ter Kuile FO, Hawley W, Wannemuehler KA, Phillips-Howard PA, Rosen DH, Nahlen Bernard L, Terlouw DJ, Adazu K, Vulule JM, Slutsker L, 2004. Sustainability of reductions in malaria transmission and infant mortality in western Kenya with use of insecticide-treated bednets: 4 to 6 years of follow-up. JAMA 291 :2571–2580.
-
4
World Health Organization. Guidelines on the Use of Insecticide-treated Mosquito Nets for the Prevention and Control of Malaria in Africa. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/pushba2.htm. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
5
Miller JM, Korenromp EL, Nahlen BL, Steketee RW, 2007. Estimating the number of insecticide-treated nets required by African households to reach continent-wide malaria coverage targets. JAMA 297 :2241–2250.
-
6
World Health Organization, 2003. Reducing the Burden of Malaria in Pregnancy. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/rbm/Attachment/20040713/MeraJan2003.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
7
Landis SH, Lokomba V, Anath CV, Atibu J, Ryder RW, Hartmann KE, Thorp JM, Tshefu A, Meshnick SR, 2009. Impact of maternal malaria and under-nutrition on intrauterine growth restriction: a prospective ultrasound study in Democratic Republic of Congo. Epidemiol Infect 137 :294–304.
-
8
Gimnig J, Lindblade KA, Mount DL, Atieli FK, Crawford S, Wolkon A, Hawley WA, Dotson EM, 2005. Laboratory wash resistance of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Trop Med Int Health 10 :1022–1029.
-
9
Région Afrique. Départment du Développement Humain Serie Documents de Travail, 2005 . Santé et Pauvreté en République Démocratique du Congo: Analyse et Cadre Stratégique de Lutte Contre la Paureté. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
10
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys [MICS], 2002. Enquete Mationale sur la Situation des Enfants et des Femmes MCS2/2001. Rapport d’Analyse. Volume 2. Kinshasa: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
-
11
UNICEF, 2008. State of the World’s Children, 2008. Basic Indicators. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/docs/sowc08_table_1.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
12
Verhoeff FH, Le Cessie S, Kalanda BF, Kazembe PN, Broadhead RL, Brabin BJ, 2004. Post-neonatal infant mortality in Malawi: the importance of maternal health. Ann Trop Paediatr 24 :161–169.
-
13
UNICEF, 2004. Low Birth Weight: Country, Regional, and Global Estimates. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/low_birthweight_from_EY.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
14
Milabyo Kyamusugulwa P, 2006. Low birth weight in Maniema (Democratic Republic of Congo). Sante 16 :103–107.
-
15
Coley JL, Msamanga GI, Fawzi MC, Kaaya S, Hertzmark E, Kapiga S, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi WW, 2001. The association between maternal HIV–1 infection and pregnancy outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BJOG 108 :1125–1133.
-
16
ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Kariuki SK, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl):50–60.
-
17
TheWorld Health Report 2005, 2005. Statistical Annex: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2005/annex/indicators_country_a-f.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
18
Temmerman M, Plummer FA, Mirza NB, Ndinya-Achola JO, Wamola IA, Nagelkerke N, Brunham RC, Piot P, 1990. Infection with HIV as a risk factor for adverse obstetrical outcome. AIDS 4 :1087–1093.
-
19
Lepage P, Van de Perre P, Msellati P, Hitimana DG, Simonon A, Van Goethem C, Mukamabano B, Karita E, Stevens A, Mathieu G, Salamon R, Dabis F, 1993. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its determinants: a cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. Am J Epidemiol 137 :589–599.
-
20
Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T, Guay LA, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, Sherman J, Bakaki P, Owor M, Ducar C, Deseyve M, Mwatha A, Emel L, Duefield C, Mirochnick M, Fowler MG, Mofenson L, Miotti P, Gigliotti M, Bray D, Mmiro F, 2003. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 362 :859–868.
-
21
Spira R, Lepage P, Msellati P, Van De Perre P, Leroy V, Simonon A, Karita E, Dabis F, 1999. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in children: a five-year prospective study in Rwanda. Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Study Group. Pediatrics 104 :e56.
-
22
World Health Organization, 2002. Global Burden of Disease Study: 2002 Estimates. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodestimates/en/index.html. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
23
World Health Organization. WHO Life Tables for Member States. Available at: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/life_tables/life_tables.cfm. Accessed August 21, Global Burden of Disease Study: 2002 Estimates. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodestimates/en/index.html. Accessed August 122008.
-
24
Szklo M, Nieto FJ, 2004. Epidemiology. Beyond the Basics. Salisbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
-
25
Mulanga-Kabeya C, Nzilambi N, Edidi B, Minlangu M, Tshimpaka T, Kambembo L, Atibu L, Mama N, Ilunga W, Sema H, Tshimanga K, Bongo B, Peeters M, Delaporte E, 1998. Evidence of stable HIV seroprevalence in selected populations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. AIDS 12 :905–910.
-
26
Garner P, Gülmezoglu AM, 2006. Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 4 :CD000169, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000169.pub2.
-
27
Taha TE, Dallabetta GA, Canner JK, Chiphangwi JD, Liomba G, Hoover DR, Miotti PG, 1995. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on birthweight, and infant and child mortality in urban Malawi. Int J Epidemiol 24 :1022–1029.
-
28
van Eijk AM, De Cock KM, Ayisi JG, Rosen DH, Otieno JA, Nahlen BL, Steketee RW, 2004. Pregnancy interval and delivery outcome among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women in Kisumu, Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :15–24.
-
29
World Health Organization. Choosing Interventions that Are Cost Effective (WHO-CHOICE). Available at: http://www.who.int/choice/en/. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
30
Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC, 1996. Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
31
Tan-Torres Edejer T, Baltussen R, Adam T, Hutubessy R, Acharya A, Evans DB, Murray CJ, 2003. Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
32
Briggs AH, 2000. Handling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness models. Pharmacoeconomics 17 :479–500.
-
33
Briggs AH, O’Brien BJ, Blackhouse G, 2002. Thinking outside the box: recent advances in the analysis and presentation of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness studies. Handling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness models. Annu Rev Public Health 23 :377–401.
-
34
Briggs A, Sculpher M, Claxton K, 2006. Decision Modeling for Health Economic Evaluation. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
35
World Health Organization, 2004. Democratic Republic of the Congo. Per Capita Total Expenditure on Health at International Dollar Rate. Available at: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/country/compare.cfm?country=COD&indicator=PcTotEOHinIntD&language=english. Accessed April 24, 2008.
-
36
Mulligan JA, Yukich J, Hanson K, 2008. Costs and effects of the Tanzanian national voucher scheme for insecticide-treated nets. Malar J 7 :32.
-
37
Mueller DH, Wiseman V, Bakusa D, Morgah K, Daré A, Tchamdja P, 2008. Cost-effectiveness analysis of insecticide-treated net distribution as part of the Togo Integrated Child Health Campaign. Malar J 7 :73.
-
38
Sweat MD, O’Reilly KR, Schmid GP, Denison J, de Zoysa I, 2004. Cost-effectiveness of nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in eight African countries. AIDS 18 :1661–1671.
-
39
Jamison DT, Mosley WH, Measham AR, Bobadilla JL, 1993. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press.
-
40
Roll Back Malaria, 2005. Country Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2005. Available at: http://rbm.who.int/wmr2005/profiles/drc.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2008.
-
41
Yukich J, Tediosi F, Lengeler C, 2007. Operations, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Five Insecticide-treated Net Programs (Eritrea, Malawi, Tanzania, Togo,Senegal) and Two Indoor Residual Spraying Programs (Kwa-Zulu Natal, Mozambique). Basel: Swiss Tropical Institute.
-
42
Guyatt H, Gotink M, Ochola S, Snow R, 2002. Free bednets to pregnant women through antenatal clinics in Kenya: a cheap, simple, and equitable approach to delivery. Trop Med Int Health 7 :409–420.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 533 | 438 | 18 |
| Full Text Views | 410 | 9 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 199 | 9 | 3 |