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-
1
Kim YS, Yun HJ, Shim SK, Koo SH, Kim SY, Kim S, 2004. A comparative trial of a single dose of azithromycin versus doxycycline for the treatment of mild scrub typhus. Clin Infect Dis 39 :1329–1335.
-
2
Chang WH, 1995. Current status of tsutsugamushi disease in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 10 :227–238.
-
3
Munro-Faure AD, Andrew R, Missen GA, Mackay-Dick J, 1951. Scrub typhus in Korea. JR Army Med Corps 97 :227–229.
-
4
Lee JS, Ahn C, Kim YK, Lee M, 1986. Thirteen cases of rickettsial infection including nine cases of tsutsugamushi disease first confirmed in Korea. J Korean Med Assoc 29 :430–438.
-
5
Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Statistics of Infectious Disease. Available at: http://dis.cdc.go.kr/statistics/statistics_Info.asp: Accessed April 10, 2008.
-
6
Jeong YJ, Kim S, Wook YD, Lee JW, Kim KI, Lee SH, 2007. Scrub typhus: clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings. Radiographics 27 :161–172.
-
7
Levine HD, 1946. Pathologic study of thirty-one cases of scrub typhus fever with especial reference to the cardiovascular system. Am Heart J 31 :314–328.
-
8
Wang CC, Liu SF, Liu JW, Chung YH, Su MC, Lin MC, 2007. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1148–1152.
-
9
Silpapojakul K, Ukkachoke C, Krisanapan S, Silpapojakul K, 1991. Rickettsial meningitis and encephalitis. Arch Intern Med 151 :1753–1757.
-
10
Chang JH, Ju MS, Chang JE, Park YS, Han WS, Kim IS, Chang WH, 2000. Pericarditis due to tsutsugamushi disease. Scand J Infect Dis 32 :101–102.
-
11
Hu ML, Liu JW, Wu KL, Lu SN, Chiou SS, Kuo CH, Chuah SK, Wang JH, Hu TH, Chiu KW, Lee CM, Changchien CS, 2005. Short report: abnormal liver function in scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :667–668.
-
12
Cracco C, Delafosse C, Baril L, Lefort Y, Morelot C, Derenne JP, Bricaire F, Similowski T, 2000. Multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus. Clin Infect Dis 31 :191–192.
-
13
Tsay RW, Chang FY, 1998. Serious complications in scrub typhus. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 31 :240–244.
-
14
Premaratna R, Chandrasena TG, Dassayake AS, Loftis AD, Dasch GA, de Silva HJ, 2006. Acute hearing loss due to scrub typhus: a forgotten complication of a reemerging disease. Clin Infect Dis 42 :e6–e8.
-
15
Thap LC, Supanaranond W, Treeprasertsuk S, Kitvatanachai S, Chinprasatsak S, Phonrat B, 2002. Septic shock secondary to scrub typhus: characteristics and complications. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :780–786.
-
16
Parola P, Miller RS, McDaniel P, Telford SR, Rolain JM, Wongsrichanalai C, Raoult D, 2003. Emerging rickettsioses of the Thai-Myanmar border. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :592–595.
-
17
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jongsakul K, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Strickman D, 2000. Doxycycline and rifampicin for mild scrub-typhus infections in northern Thailand: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 :1057–1061.
-
18
Kim DM, Yun NR, Yang TY, Lee JH, Yang JT, Shim SK, Choi EN, Park MY, Lee SH, 2006. Usefulness of nested PCR for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in clinical practice: a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :542–545.
-
19
Kim IS, Seong SY, Woo SG, Choi MS, Kang JS, Chang WH, 1993. Rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus by a passive hemagglutination assay using recombinant 56-kilodalton polypeptides. J Clin Microbiol 31 :2057–2060.
-
20
Song HJ, Seong SY, Huh MS, Park SG, Jang WJ, Kee SH, Kim KH, Kim SC, Choi MS, Kim IS, Chang WH, 1998. Molecular and serologic survey of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection among field rodents in southern Cholla Province, Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :513–518.
-
21
Chang WH, Kang JS, Lee WK, Choi MS, Lee JH, 1990. Serological classification by monoclonal antibodies of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 28 :685–688.
-
22
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jirajarus K, 2002. Acute scrub typhus in Northern Thailand: EKG changes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :312–313.
-
23
Manjunath G, Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, 2001. Prediction equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 10 :785–792.
-
24
Munford RS, 2005. Severe sepsis and septic shock. Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. Sixteenth edition. Volume 2. Tokyo, Japan: McGraw-Hill, 1606–1612.
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25
Kim DM, Won KJ, Park CY, Yu KD, Kim HS, Yang TY, Lee JH, Kim HK, Song HJ, Lee SH, Shin H, 2007. Distribution of eschars on the body of scrub typhus patients: a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :806–809.
-
26
Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Phimda K, Pukrittayakamee S, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2009. Association of high Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA loads with disease of greater severity in adults with scrub typhus. J Clin Microbiol 47 :430–434.
-
27
Varghese GM, Abraham OC, Mathai D, Thomas K, Aaron R, Kavitha ML, Mathai E, 2006. Scrub typhus among hospitalised patients with febrile illness in South India: magnitude and clinical predictors. J Infect 52 :56–60.
-
28
Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, 1985. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 13 :818–829.
-
29
Song SW, Kim KT, Ku YM, Park SH, Kim YS, Lee DG, Yoon SA, Kim YO, 2004. Clinical role of interstitial pneumonia in patients with scrub typhus: a possible marker of disease severity. J Korean Med Sci 19 :668–673.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 266 | 245 | 99 |
| Full Text Views | 348 | 7 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 119 | 10 | 5 |
Risk Factors Leading to Fatal Outcome in Scrub Typhus Patients
Chang-Seop Lee
Chang-Seop Lee
Departments of Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Jeong-Hwan Hwang
Jeong-Hwan Hwang
Departments of Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Heung-Bum Lee
Heung-Bum Lee
Departments of Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Keun-Sang Kwon
Keun-Sang Kwon
Departments of Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Scrub typhus is a potentially fatal infectious disease. However, to this date, no epidemiologic study on mortality of complicated scrub typhus has been reported. We reviewed the clinical records of 302 patients with diagnosis of scrub typhus who were admitted to our institute between January 2000 and December 2006. In total, 297 patients with scrub typhus were analyzed and the mortality rate of this study group was 6.1%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed absence of eschar, event of intensive care unit admission and higher APACHE II score were independent predictive variables. Identification of these risk factors leading to fatal outcome may help physicians to start early intensive management of complicated scrub typhus.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Kim YS, Yun HJ, Shim SK, Koo SH, Kim SY, Kim S, 2004. A comparative trial of a single dose of azithromycin versus doxycycline for the treatment of mild scrub typhus. Clin Infect Dis 39 :1329–1335.
-
2
Chang WH, 1995. Current status of tsutsugamushi disease in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 10 :227–238.
-
3
Munro-Faure AD, Andrew R, Missen GA, Mackay-Dick J, 1951. Scrub typhus in Korea. JR Army Med Corps 97 :227–229.
-
4
Lee JS, Ahn C, Kim YK, Lee M, 1986. Thirteen cases of rickettsial infection including nine cases of tsutsugamushi disease first confirmed in Korea. J Korean Med Assoc 29 :430–438.
-
5
Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Statistics of Infectious Disease. Available at: http://dis.cdc.go.kr/statistics/statistics_Info.asp: Accessed April 10, 2008.
-
6
Jeong YJ, Kim S, Wook YD, Lee JW, Kim KI, Lee SH, 2007. Scrub typhus: clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings. Radiographics 27 :161–172.
-
7
Levine HD, 1946. Pathologic study of thirty-one cases of scrub typhus fever with especial reference to the cardiovascular system. Am Heart J 31 :314–328.
-
8
Wang CC, Liu SF, Liu JW, Chung YH, Su MC, Lin MC, 2007. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1148–1152.
-
9
Silpapojakul K, Ukkachoke C, Krisanapan S, Silpapojakul K, 1991. Rickettsial meningitis and encephalitis. Arch Intern Med 151 :1753–1757.
-
10
Chang JH, Ju MS, Chang JE, Park YS, Han WS, Kim IS, Chang WH, 2000. Pericarditis due to tsutsugamushi disease. Scand J Infect Dis 32 :101–102.
-
11
Hu ML, Liu JW, Wu KL, Lu SN, Chiou SS, Kuo CH, Chuah SK, Wang JH, Hu TH, Chiu KW, Lee CM, Changchien CS, 2005. Short report: abnormal liver function in scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :667–668.
-
12
Cracco C, Delafosse C, Baril L, Lefort Y, Morelot C, Derenne JP, Bricaire F, Similowski T, 2000. Multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus. Clin Infect Dis 31 :191–192.
-
13
Tsay RW, Chang FY, 1998. Serious complications in scrub typhus. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 31 :240–244.
-
14
Premaratna R, Chandrasena TG, Dassayake AS, Loftis AD, Dasch GA, de Silva HJ, 2006. Acute hearing loss due to scrub typhus: a forgotten complication of a reemerging disease. Clin Infect Dis 42 :e6–e8.
-
15
Thap LC, Supanaranond W, Treeprasertsuk S, Kitvatanachai S, Chinprasatsak S, Phonrat B, 2002. Septic shock secondary to scrub typhus: characteristics and complications. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :780–786.
-
16
Parola P, Miller RS, McDaniel P, Telford SR, Rolain JM, Wongsrichanalai C, Raoult D, 2003. Emerging rickettsioses of the Thai-Myanmar border. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :592–595.
-
17
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jongsakul K, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Strickman D, 2000. Doxycycline and rifampicin for mild scrub-typhus infections in northern Thailand: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 :1057–1061.
-
18
Kim DM, Yun NR, Yang TY, Lee JH, Yang JT, Shim SK, Choi EN, Park MY, Lee SH, 2006. Usefulness of nested PCR for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in clinical practice: a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :542–545.
-
19
Kim IS, Seong SY, Woo SG, Choi MS, Kang JS, Chang WH, 1993. Rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus by a passive hemagglutination assay using recombinant 56-kilodalton polypeptides. J Clin Microbiol 31 :2057–2060.
-
20
Song HJ, Seong SY, Huh MS, Park SG, Jang WJ, Kee SH, Kim KH, Kim SC, Choi MS, Kim IS, Chang WH, 1998. Molecular and serologic survey of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection among field rodents in southern Cholla Province, Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :513–518.
-
21
Chang WH, Kang JS, Lee WK, Choi MS, Lee JH, 1990. Serological classification by monoclonal antibodies of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 28 :685–688.
-
22
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jirajarus K, 2002. Acute scrub typhus in Northern Thailand: EKG changes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :312–313.
-
23
Manjunath G, Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, 2001. Prediction equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 10 :785–792.
-
24
Munford RS, 2005. Severe sepsis and septic shock. Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. Sixteenth edition. Volume 2. Tokyo, Japan: McGraw-Hill, 1606–1612.
-
25
Kim DM, Won KJ, Park CY, Yu KD, Kim HS, Yang TY, Lee JH, Kim HK, Song HJ, Lee SH, Shin H, 2007. Distribution of eschars on the body of scrub typhus patients: a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :806–809.
-
26
Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Phimda K, Pukrittayakamee S, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2009. Association of high Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA loads with disease of greater severity in adults with scrub typhus. J Clin Microbiol 47 :430–434.
-
27
Varghese GM, Abraham OC, Mathai D, Thomas K, Aaron R, Kavitha ML, Mathai E, 2006. Scrub typhus among hospitalised patients with febrile illness in South India: magnitude and clinical predictors. J Infect 52 :56–60.
-
28
Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, 1985. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 13 :818–829.
-
29
Song SW, Kim KT, Ku YM, Park SH, Kim YS, Lee DG, Yoon SA, Kim YO, 2004. Clinical role of interstitial pneumonia in patients with scrub typhus: a possible marker of disease severity. J Korean Med Sci 19 :668–673.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 266 | 245 | 99 |
| Full Text Views | 348 | 7 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 119 | 10 | 5 |