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-
1
UNAIDS, 2007. AIDS Epidemic Update 2007 – Latin America Regional Summary. Available at: http://www.unAIDS.org. Accessed July 15, 2008.
-
2
Brasília, Ministry of Health, 2007. Brazil, Ministry of Health, Health Surveillance Department, National DST/AIDS Program. Bulletin Epidemiological of Sexually Transmitted Disease Program/AIDS. Available at: http://www.aids.gov.br. Accessed July 18, 2008.
-
3
Motta MEFA, Silva GAP, 2002. Diarréia por parasitas. Rev Bras Saúde Matern Infant 2 :117–127.
-
4
Brink AK, Mahé C, Watera C, Lugada E, Gilks C, Whitworth J, French N, 2002. Diarrhea, CD4 counts and enteric infections in a community-based cohort of HIV adults in Uganda. J Infect 45 :99–106.
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5
Cimerman S, Cimerman B, Lewi DS, 1999. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 3 :203–206.
-
6
Castro KG, Ward JW, Slutsker L, Buehler JW, Jaffe HW, Berkelman RL, 1992. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 41 :1–19.
-
7
Rossit AR, Almeida MT, Nogueira CA, Oliveira JG, Barbosa DM, Moscardini AC, Mascarenhas JD, Gabbay JB, Marques FR, Cardoso LV, Cavasini CE, Machado RL, 2007. Bacterial, yeast, parasitic, and viral enteropathogens in HIV-infected children from São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57 :59–66.
-
8
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M, 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol 45 :493–496.
-
9
Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van der Noordaa J, 1990. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 28 :495–503.
-
10
das Dôres de Paula Cardoso D, Fiaccadori FS, Borges de Lima Dias e Souza M, Bringel Martins RM, Gagliardi Leite JP, 2002. Detection and genotyping of astroviruses from children with acute gastroenteritis from Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Med Sci Monit 8 :CR624–CR628.
-
11
Noel JS, Lee TW, Kurtz JB, Glass RI, Monroe SS, 1995. Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immuno-assay and nucleotide sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 33 :797–801.
-
12
Jiang X, Huang PW, Zhong WM, Farkas T, Cubitt DW, Matson DO, 1999. Design and evaluation of a primer pair that detects both Norwalk- and Sapporo-like caliciviruses by RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 83 :145–154.
-
13
Pereira HG, Azeredo RS, Leite Barth OM, Sutmoller F, de Farias V, Vidal MN, 1983. Comparison of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), immuno-electron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection in children. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 78 :483–490.
-
14
Gassama A, Sow PS, Fall F, Camara P, Philippe H, Guéye-N’diaye A, Seng R, Samb B, M’Boup S, Germani Y, Aidara-Kane A, 2001. Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. Int J Infect Dis 5 :192–198.
-
15
Galli L, de Martino M, Tovo PA, Gabiano C, Zappa M, Giaquinto C, Tulisso S, Vierucci A, Guerra M, Marchisio P, 1995. Onset of clinical signs in children with HIV-1 perinatal infection. Ital Reg HIV Infect Child 9 :455–461.
-
16
Kakai R, Bwayo JJ, Wamola IA, Ndinya-Achola JO, Plummer FA, 1995. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on local immunity in children with diarrhea. East Afr Med J 72 :699–702.
-
17
Onyemelukwe GC, Musa BO, 2002. CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and clinical features of HIV seropositive Nigerians on presentation. Afr J Med Sci 31 :229–233.
-
18
Attili SV, Gulati AK, Singh VP, Varma DV, Rai M, Sundar S, 2006. Diarrhea, CD4 counts and enteric infections in a hospital-based cohort of HIV-infected patients around Varanasi, India. BMC Infect Dis 6 :39.
-
19
Prasad KN, Nag VL, Dhole TN, Ayyagari A, 2000. Identification of enteropathogens in HIV-positive patients with diarrhea in Northern India. J Health Popul Nutr 18 :23–26.
-
20
Cárcamo C, Hooton T, Wener MH, Weiss NS, Gilman R, Arevalo J, Carrasco J, Seas C, Caballero M, Holmes KK, 2005. Etiologies and manifestations of persistent diarrhea in adults with HIV-1 infection: a case-control study in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 191 :11–19.
-
21
Campos LC, Franzolin MR, Trabulsi LR, 2004. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli categories among the traditional entero E. coli O serogroups: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :545–552.
-
22
Aidar-Ugrinovich L, Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Leomil L, Dahbi G, Onuma DL, Silveira WD, Pestana de Castro AF, 2007. Serotypes, virulence genes, and intimin types of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolated from calves in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 115 :297–306.
-
23
Wolk M, Valinsky L, Sompolinsky D, Sechter I, Schmidt H, Tetry S, Agmon V, 2004. Endemic occurrence of infections by multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli of four unique serotypes in the elderly population of Israel. FEMS Microbiol Lett 239 :249–254.
-
24
Jones GL, Warren RE, Skidmore SJ, Davies VA, Gibreel T, Upton M, 2008. Prevalence and distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli lacking extended-spectrum β-lactamase. J Antimicrob Chemother 62 :1245–1251.
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25
Kownhar H, Shankar EM, Rajan R, Vengatesan A, Rao UA, 2007. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized HIV infected versus non-HIV infected patients with diarrhoea in Southern India. Scand J Infect Dis 39 :862–866.
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26
Pfaller MA, 1994. Epidemiology and control of fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 19 :S8–S13.
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27
Colombo AL, Branchini ML, Geiger D, Schimidt AL, Pignatari AC, Fischman O, 1996. Gastrointestinal translocation as a possible source of candidemia in an AIDS patient. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 38 :197–200.
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28
Muñoz P, Sánchez-Somolinos M, Alcalá L, rodríguez-Crèixems M, Peláez T, Bouza E, 2005. Candida krusei fungaemia: antifungal susceptibility and clinical presentation of an uncommon entity during 15 years in a single general hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 55 :188–193.
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29
Krause R, Reisinger EC, 2005. Candida and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Microbiol Infect 11 :1–2.
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30
Kaltenbach G, Heitz D, 2004. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the elderly. Rev Med Interne 25 :46–53.
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31
Same-Ekobo A, Lohoue J, Mbassi A, 1997. A clinical and biological study of parasitic and fungal diarrhea in immunosuppressed patients in an urban and suburban area of Yaoundé. Sante 7 :349–354.
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32
Anand L, Dhanachand C, Brajachand N, 1998. Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in HIV positive patients in Manipur. J Commun Dis 30 :19–22.
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33
Therizol-Ferly PM, Tagliante-Saracino J, Kone M, Konan A, Ouhon J, Assoumou A, Aka K, Assale G, 1989. Chronic diarrhea and parasitosis in adults suspected of AIDS in the Ivory Coast. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 82 :690–693.
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34
Ferreira MS, Xavier MP, Fumian TM, Victoria M, Oliveira SA, Pena LH, Leite JP, Miagostovich MP, 2008. Acute gastroenteritis cases associated with noroviruses infection in the State of Rio de Janeiro. J Med Virol 80 :338–344.
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35
Borges AM, Teixeira JM, Costa PS, Giugliano LG, Fiaccadori FS, Franco RC, Brito WM, Leite JP, Cardoso DD, 2006. Detection of calicivirus from fecal samples from children with acute gastroenteritis in the West Central region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 :721–724.
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Monica B, Ramani S, Banerjee I, Primrose B, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gallimore CI, Brown DW, M F, Moses PD, Gray JJ, Kang G, 2007. Human caliciviruses in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in children in Vellore, South India. J Med Virol 79 :544–551.
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Dove W, Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Nakagomi O, Hart CA, 2005. Detection and characterization of human caliciviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastro-enteritis in Blantyre, Malawi. J Med Virol 77 :522–527.
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Calicivirus and Giardia lamblia are Associated with Diarrhea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seropositive Patients from Southeast Brazil
Ana Carolina M. Gonçalves
Ana Carolina M. Gonçalves
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yvone B. Gabbay
Yvone B. Gabbay
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Joana D’arc Mascarenhas
Joana D’arc Mascarenhas
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marcela B. Yassaka
Marcela B. Yassaka
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Luciana C. Moran
Luciana C. Moran
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Valéria D. Fraga
Valéria D. Fraga
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Edna Castro
Edna Castro
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Célia Franco
Célia Franco
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ricardo Luiz D. Machado
Ricardo Luiz D. Machado
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Andréa Regina B. Rossit
Andréa Regina B. Rossit
University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará; Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São Paulo; Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of Hospital de Base, Regional Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto (FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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To study enteropathogens, 100 fecal samples were collected from a Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive population, with or without diarrhea. Giardia lamblia and calicivirus were significantly associated with diarrhea as were severe immunosuppression and the presence of at least one enteropathogen. No sample was positive for rotavirus and only one asymptomatic individual carried the astrovirus. We concluded that there is a great diversity of pathogens and opportunistic infections in the studied population, with a high prevalence of mixed colonization/infection. Our findings pave the way for future molecular studies related to the expression of virulence factors and to the possibility of pathogen–pathogen interactions, especially between G. lamblia and calicivirus. These findings are relevant to the improvement of therapies and controlling diarrhea in the HIV-seropositive population.
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-
1
UNAIDS, 2007. AIDS Epidemic Update 2007 – Latin America Regional Summary. Available at: http://www.unAIDS.org. Accessed July 15, 2008.
-
2
Brasília, Ministry of Health, 2007. Brazil, Ministry of Health, Health Surveillance Department, National DST/AIDS Program. Bulletin Epidemiological of Sexually Transmitted Disease Program/AIDS. Available at: http://www.aids.gov.br. Accessed July 18, 2008.
-
3
Motta MEFA, Silva GAP, 2002. Diarréia por parasitas. Rev Bras Saúde Matern Infant 2 :117–127.
-
4
Brink AK, Mahé C, Watera C, Lugada E, Gilks C, Whitworth J, French N, 2002. Diarrhea, CD4 counts and enteric infections in a community-based cohort of HIV adults in Uganda. J Infect 45 :99–106.
-
5
Cimerman S, Cimerman B, Lewi DS, 1999. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 3 :203–206.
-
6
Castro KG, Ward JW, Slutsker L, Buehler JW, Jaffe HW, Berkelman RL, 1992. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 41 :1–19.
-
7
Rossit AR, Almeida MT, Nogueira CA, Oliveira JG, Barbosa DM, Moscardini AC, Mascarenhas JD, Gabbay JB, Marques FR, Cardoso LV, Cavasini CE, Machado RL, 2007. Bacterial, yeast, parasitic, and viral enteropathogens in HIV-infected children from São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57 :59–66.
-
8
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M, 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol 45 :493–496.
-
9
Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van der Noordaa J, 1990. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 28 :495–503.
-
10
das Dôres de Paula Cardoso D, Fiaccadori FS, Borges de Lima Dias e Souza M, Bringel Martins RM, Gagliardi Leite JP, 2002. Detection and genotyping of astroviruses from children with acute gastroenteritis from Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Med Sci Monit 8 :CR624–CR628.
-
11
Noel JS, Lee TW, Kurtz JB, Glass RI, Monroe SS, 1995. Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immuno-assay and nucleotide sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 33 :797–801.
-
12
Jiang X, Huang PW, Zhong WM, Farkas T, Cubitt DW, Matson DO, 1999. Design and evaluation of a primer pair that detects both Norwalk- and Sapporo-like caliciviruses by RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 83 :145–154.
-
13
Pereira HG, Azeredo RS, Leite Barth OM, Sutmoller F, de Farias V, Vidal MN, 1983. Comparison of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), immuno-electron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection in children. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 78 :483–490.
-
14
Gassama A, Sow PS, Fall F, Camara P, Philippe H, Guéye-N’diaye A, Seng R, Samb B, M’Boup S, Germani Y, Aidara-Kane A, 2001. Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. Int J Infect Dis 5 :192–198.
-
15
Galli L, de Martino M, Tovo PA, Gabiano C, Zappa M, Giaquinto C, Tulisso S, Vierucci A, Guerra M, Marchisio P, 1995. Onset of clinical signs in children with HIV-1 perinatal infection. Ital Reg HIV Infect Child 9 :455–461.
-
16
Kakai R, Bwayo JJ, Wamola IA, Ndinya-Achola JO, Plummer FA, 1995. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on local immunity in children with diarrhea. East Afr Med J 72 :699–702.
-
17
Onyemelukwe GC, Musa BO, 2002. CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and clinical features of HIV seropositive Nigerians on presentation. Afr J Med Sci 31 :229–233.
-
18
Attili SV, Gulati AK, Singh VP, Varma DV, Rai M, Sundar S, 2006. Diarrhea, CD4 counts and enteric infections in a hospital-based cohort of HIV-infected patients around Varanasi, India. BMC Infect Dis 6 :39.
-
19
Prasad KN, Nag VL, Dhole TN, Ayyagari A, 2000. Identification of enteropathogens in HIV-positive patients with diarrhea in Northern India. J Health Popul Nutr 18 :23–26.
-
20
Cárcamo C, Hooton T, Wener MH, Weiss NS, Gilman R, Arevalo J, Carrasco J, Seas C, Caballero M, Holmes KK, 2005. Etiologies and manifestations of persistent diarrhea in adults with HIV-1 infection: a case-control study in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 191 :11–19.
-
21
Campos LC, Franzolin MR, Trabulsi LR, 2004. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli categories among the traditional entero E. coli O serogroups: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :545–552.
-
22
Aidar-Ugrinovich L, Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Leomil L, Dahbi G, Onuma DL, Silveira WD, Pestana de Castro AF, 2007. Serotypes, virulence genes, and intimin types of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolated from calves in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 115 :297–306.
-
23
Wolk M, Valinsky L, Sompolinsky D, Sechter I, Schmidt H, Tetry S, Agmon V, 2004. Endemic occurrence of infections by multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli of four unique serotypes in the elderly population of Israel. FEMS Microbiol Lett 239 :249–254.
-
24
Jones GL, Warren RE, Skidmore SJ, Davies VA, Gibreel T, Upton M, 2008. Prevalence and distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli lacking extended-spectrum β-lactamase. J Antimicrob Chemother 62 :1245–1251.
-
25
Kownhar H, Shankar EM, Rajan R, Vengatesan A, Rao UA, 2007. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized HIV infected versus non-HIV infected patients with diarrhoea in Southern India. Scand J Infect Dis 39 :862–866.
-
26
Pfaller MA, 1994. Epidemiology and control of fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 19 :S8–S13.
-
27
Colombo AL, Branchini ML, Geiger D, Schimidt AL, Pignatari AC, Fischman O, 1996. Gastrointestinal translocation as a possible source of candidemia in an AIDS patient. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 38 :197–200.
-
28
Muñoz P, Sánchez-Somolinos M, Alcalá L, rodríguez-Crèixems M, Peláez T, Bouza E, 2005. Candida krusei fungaemia: antifungal susceptibility and clinical presentation of an uncommon entity during 15 years in a single general hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 55 :188–193.
-
29
Krause R, Reisinger EC, 2005. Candida and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Microbiol Infect 11 :1–2.
-
30
Kaltenbach G, Heitz D, 2004. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the elderly. Rev Med Interne 25 :46–53.
-
31
Same-Ekobo A, Lohoue J, Mbassi A, 1997. A clinical and biological study of parasitic and fungal diarrhea in immunosuppressed patients in an urban and suburban area of Yaoundé. Sante 7 :349–354.
-
32
Anand L, Dhanachand C, Brajachand N, 1998. Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in HIV positive patients in Manipur. J Commun Dis 30 :19–22.
-
33
Therizol-Ferly PM, Tagliante-Saracino J, Kone M, Konan A, Ouhon J, Assoumou A, Aka K, Assale G, 1989. Chronic diarrhea and parasitosis in adults suspected of AIDS in the Ivory Coast. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 82 :690–693.
-
34
Ferreira MS, Xavier MP, Fumian TM, Victoria M, Oliveira SA, Pena LH, Leite JP, Miagostovich MP, 2008. Acute gastroenteritis cases associated with noroviruses infection in the State of Rio de Janeiro. J Med Virol 80 :338–344.
-
35
Borges AM, Teixeira JM, Costa PS, Giugliano LG, Fiaccadori FS, Franco RC, Brito WM, Leite JP, Cardoso DD, 2006. Detection of calicivirus from fecal samples from children with acute gastroenteritis in the West Central region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 :721–724.
-
36
Monica B, Ramani S, Banerjee I, Primrose B, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gallimore CI, Brown DW, M F, Moses PD, Gray JJ, Kang G, 2007. Human caliciviruses in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in children in Vellore, South India. J Med Virol 79 :544–551.
-
37
Dove W, Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Nakagomi O, Hart CA, 2005. Detection and characterization of human caliciviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastro-enteritis in Blantyre, Malawi. J Med Virol 77 :522–527.
-
38
Grohmann GS, Glass RI, Pereira HG, Monroe SS, Hightower AW, Weber R, Bryan RT, 1993. Enteric viruses and diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. Enteric Opportunistic Infections Working Group. N Engl J Med 329 :14–20.
-
39
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