ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Mackenzie JS, Williams DT, Smith DW, 2007. Japanese encephalitis virus: the geographic distribution, incidence, and spread of a virus with a propensity to emerge in new areas. E. Tabor, ed. Emerging Viruses in Human Populations. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 201–268.
-
2
Mackenzie JS, Johansen CA, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Hall RA, 2002. Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :49–73.
-
3
Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Shield J, Bailey MC, Mackenzie JS, Poidinger M, McCall BJ, Mills PJ, 1996. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Med J Aust 165 :256–260.
-
4
Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Lee JM, Hills SL, van den Hurk AF, Pyke AT, Johansen CA, Mackenzie JS, 1999. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998. Med J Aust 170 :533–536.
-
5
Ritchie SA, Phillips D, Broom A, Mackenzie J, Poidinger M, van den Hurk A, 1997. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Culex annulirostris in Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :80–84.
-
6
van den Hurk AF, Nisbet DJ, Hall RA, Kay BH, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2003. Vector competence of Australian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for Japanese encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :82–90.
-
7
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, Rosenberg MZ, McClure HE, 1959. Immunologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. III. Infection and antibody responses of birds. J Immunol 83 :605–613.
-
8
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, McClure HE, Moyer JT, Rosenberg MZ, Yoshii M, Okada Y, 1959. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. IV. Avian infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :678–688.
-
9
Gresser I, Hardy JL, Hu SMK, Scherer WF, 1958. Factors influencing transmission of Japanese B encephalitis virus by a colonized strain of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, from infected pigs and chicks to susceptible pigs and birds. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7 :365–373.
-
10
Scherer WF, Moyer JT, Izumi T, Gresser I, McCown J, 1959. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. VI. Swine infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :698–706.
-
11
Endy TP, Nisalak A, 2002. Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :11–48.
-
12
Mackenzie JS, Field HE, Guyatt KJ, 2003. Managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and Australian bat lyssavirus. J Appl Microbiol 94 :59S–69S.
-
13
Sulkin SE, Allen R, 1974. Virus infections in bats. Melnick JL, ed. Monographs in Virology, Vol. 8. Basel: S. Karger, 1–103.
-
14
Banerjee K, Ilkal MA, Bhat HR, Sreenivasan MA, 1979. Experimental viraemia with Japanese encephalitis virus in certain domestic and peridomestic vertebrates. Indian J Med Res 70 :364–368.
-
15
Banerjee K, Ilkal MA, Deshmukh PK, 1984. Susceptibility of Cynopterus sphinx (frugivorus bat) and Suncus murinus (house shrew) to Japanese encephalitis virus. Indian J Med Res 79 :8–12.
-
16
Webb NJ, Tidemann CR, 1996. Mobility of Australian flying foxes, Pteropus spp. (Megachiroptera): evidence from genetic variation. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 263 :497–502.
-
17
Jonsson NN, Johnston SD, Field H, de Jong C, Smith C, 2004. Field anaesthesia of three Australian species of flying fox. Vet Rec 154 :664.
-
18
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
19
Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS, 2000. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 81 :1927–1932.
-
20
Crameri G, Wang LF, Morrissy C, White J, Eaton BT, 2002. A rapid immune plaque assay for the detection of Hendra and Nipah viruses and anti-virus antibodies. J Virol Methods 99 :41–51.
-
21
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
-
22
Turell MJ, Kay BH, 1998. Susceptibility of selected strains of Australian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Rift Valley fever virus. J Med Entomol 35 :132–135.
-
23
Pyke AT, Smith IL, van den Hurk AF, Northill JA, Chuan TF, Westacott AJ, Smith GA, 2004. Detection of Australasian flavivirus encephalitic viruses using rapid fluorogenic TaqMan RT-PCR assays. J Virol Methods 117 :161–167.
-
24
Biggerstaff BJ, 2003. PooledInfRate: a Microsoft Excel add-in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
25
Smith IL, Westacott AJ, Smith GA, 2005. Development and implementation of a porcine IgM capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus antibodies in sentinel pigs. Arbovirus Res Aus 9 :352–356.
-
26
Pyke AT, Phillips DA, Chuan TF, Smith GA, 2004. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods for the production of arbovirus antigens inactivated by binary ethylenimine. BMC Microbiol 4 :3–10.
-
27
Johnsen DO, Edelman R, Grossman RA, Muangman D, Pomsdhit J, Gould DJ, 1974. Study of Japanese encephalitis virus in Chiangmai Valley, Thailand. V. Animal infections. Am J Epidemiol 100 :57–68.
-
28
Oda K, Igarashi A, Keong CT, Hong CC, Vijayamalar B, Sinniah M, Hassan SS, Tanaka H, 1996. Cross-sectional serosurvey for Japanese encephalitis specific antibody from animal sera in Malaysia 1993. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27 :463–470.
-
29
Takashima I, Watanabe T, Ouchi N, Hashimoto N, 1988. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Hokkaido: interepidemic outbreaks of swine abortion and evidence for the virus to overwinter locally. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :420–427.
-
30
Burns KF, 1950. Congenital Japanese B encephalitis infection of swine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 75 :621–625.
-
31
Lord CC, Rutledge CR, Tabachnick WJ, 2006. Relationships between host viremia and vector susceptibility for arboviruses. J Med Entomol 43 :623–630.
-
32
Gould DJ, Byrne RJ, Hayes DE, 1964. Experimental infection of horses with Japanese encephalitis virus by mosquito bite. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13 :742–746.
-
33
Kay BH, Young PL, Hall RA, Fanning ID, 1985. Experimental infection with Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, rabbits, macropods and chickens. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 63 :109–126.
-
34
Gómez A, Kramer LD, Dupuis AP, Kilpatrick AM, Davis LJ, Jones MJ, Daszak P, Aguirre AA, 2008. Experimental infection of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79 :447–451.
-
35
Brown AN, Kent KA, Bennett CJ, Bernard KA, 2007. Tissue tropism and neuroinvasion of West Nile virus do not differ for two mouse strains with different survival rates. Virology 368 :422–430.
-
36
Turell MJ, Tammariello RF, Spielman A, 1995. Nonvascular delivery of St. Louis encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses by infected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) feeding on a vertebrate host. J Med Entomol 32 :563–568.
-
37
Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1992. Nonvascular delivery of Rift Valley fever virus by infected mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :190–194.
-
38
Higgs S, Schneider BS, Vanlandingham DL, Klingler KA, Gould EA, 2005. Nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 :8871–8874.
-
39
McGee CE, Schneider BS, Girard YA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, 2007. Nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus: evaluation of the effects of space, time, and mosquito species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :424–430.
-
40
Markus N, Hall L, 2004. Foraging behaviour of the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) in the urban landscape of Brisbane, Queensland. Wildl Res 31 :345–355.
-
41
Breed AC, Smith CS, Epstein JH, 2006. Winged wanderers: long distance movements of flying foxes. MacDonald DW, ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 474–475.
-
42
Ritchie SA, Rochester W, 2001. Wind-blown mosquitoes and introduction of Japanese encephalitis into Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :900–903.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 993 | 822 | 29 |
| Full Text Views | 473 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 175 | 8 | 0 |
Transmission of Japanese Encephalitis Virus from the Black Flying Fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris Mosquitoes, Despite the Absence of Detectable Viremia
Andrew F. van den Hurk
Andrew F. van den Hurk
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Andrew F. van den Hurk in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Andrew F. van den Hurk in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Craig S. Smith
Craig S. Smith
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Craig S. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Craig S. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Hume E. Field
Hume E. Field
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Hume E. Field in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hume E. Field in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ina L. Smith
Ina L. Smith
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Ina L. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ina L. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Judith A. Northill
Judith A. Northill
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Judith A. Northill in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Judith A. Northill in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Carmel T. Taylor
Carmel T. Taylor
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Carmel T. Taylor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Carmel T. Taylor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cassie C. Jansen
Cassie C. Jansen
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Cassie C. Jansen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Cassie C. Jansen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Greg A. Smith
Greg A. Smith
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by Greg A. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Greg A. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
John S. Mackenzie
John S. Mackenzie
Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia; School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Search for other papers by John S. Mackenzie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by John S. Mackenzie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
To determine the potential role of flying foxes in transmission cycles of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Australia, we exposed Pteropus alecto (Megachiroptera: Pteropididae) to JEV via infected Culex annulirostris mosquitoes or inoculation. No flying foxes developed symptoms consistent with JEV infection. Anti-JEV IgG antibodies developed in 6/10 flying foxes exposed to infected Cx. annulirostris and in 5/5 inoculated flying foxes. Low-level viremia was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 1/5 inoculated flying foxes and this animal was able to infect recipient mosquitoes. Although viremia was not detected in any of the 10 flying foxes that were exposed to JEV by mosquito bite, two animals infected recipient mosquitoes. Likewise, an inoculated flying fox without detectable viremia infected recipient mosquitoes. Although infection rates in recipient mosquitoes were low, the high population densities in roosting camps, coupled with migratory behavior indicate that flying foxes could play a role in the dispersal of JEV.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Mackenzie JS, Williams DT, Smith DW, 2007. Japanese encephalitis virus: the geographic distribution, incidence, and spread of a virus with a propensity to emerge in new areas. E. Tabor, ed. Emerging Viruses in Human Populations. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 201–268.
-
2
Mackenzie JS, Johansen CA, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Hall RA, 2002. Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :49–73.
-
3
Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Shield J, Bailey MC, Mackenzie JS, Poidinger M, McCall BJ, Mills PJ, 1996. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Med J Aust 165 :256–260.
-
4
Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Lee JM, Hills SL, van den Hurk AF, Pyke AT, Johansen CA, Mackenzie JS, 1999. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998. Med J Aust 170 :533–536.
-
5
Ritchie SA, Phillips D, Broom A, Mackenzie J, Poidinger M, van den Hurk A, 1997. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Culex annulirostris in Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :80–84.
-
6
van den Hurk AF, Nisbet DJ, Hall RA, Kay BH, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2003. Vector competence of Australian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for Japanese encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 40 :82–90.
-
7
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, Rosenberg MZ, McClure HE, 1959. Immunologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. III. Infection and antibody responses of birds. J Immunol 83 :605–613.
-
8
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, McClure HE, Moyer JT, Rosenberg MZ, Yoshii M, Okada Y, 1959. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. IV. Avian infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :678–688.
-
9
Gresser I, Hardy JL, Hu SMK, Scherer WF, 1958. Factors influencing transmission of Japanese B encephalitis virus by a colonized strain of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, from infected pigs and chicks to susceptible pigs and birds. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7 :365–373.
-
10
Scherer WF, Moyer JT, Izumi T, Gresser I, McCown J, 1959. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. VI. Swine infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8 :698–706.
-
11
Endy TP, Nisalak A, 2002. Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :11–48.
-
12
Mackenzie JS, Field HE, Guyatt KJ, 2003. Managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and Australian bat lyssavirus. J Appl Microbiol 94 :59S–69S.
-
13
Sulkin SE, Allen R, 1974. Virus infections in bats. Melnick JL, ed. Monographs in Virology, Vol. 8. Basel: S. Karger, 1–103.
-
14
Banerjee K, Ilkal MA, Bhat HR, Sreenivasan MA, 1979. Experimental viraemia with Japanese encephalitis virus in certain domestic and peridomestic vertebrates. Indian J Med Res 70 :364–368.
-
15
Banerjee K, Ilkal MA, Deshmukh PK, 1984. Susceptibility of Cynopterus sphinx (frugivorus bat) and Suncus murinus (house shrew) to Japanese encephalitis virus. Indian J Med Res 79 :8–12.
-
16
Webb NJ, Tidemann CR, 1996. Mobility of Australian flying foxes, Pteropus spp. (Megachiroptera): evidence from genetic variation. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 263 :497–502.
-
17
Jonsson NN, Johnston SD, Field H, de Jong C, Smith C, 2004. Field anaesthesia of three Australian species of flying fox. Vet Rec 154 :664.
-
18
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
19
Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS, 2000. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 81 :1927–1932.
-
20
Crameri G, Wang LF, Morrissy C, White J, Eaton BT, 2002. A rapid immune plaque assay for the detection of Hendra and Nipah viruses and anti-virus antibodies. J Virol Methods 99 :41–51.
-
21
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :1385–1391.
-
22
Turell MJ, Kay BH, 1998. Susceptibility of selected strains of Australian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Rift Valley fever virus. J Med Entomol 35 :132–135.
-
23
Pyke AT, Smith IL, van den Hurk AF, Northill JA, Chuan TF, Westacott AJ, Smith GA, 2004. Detection of Australasian flavivirus encephalitic viruses using rapid fluorogenic TaqMan RT-PCR assays. J Virol Methods 117 :161–167.
-
24
Biggerstaff BJ, 2003. PooledInfRate: a Microsoft Excel add-in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
25
Smith IL, Westacott AJ, Smith GA, 2005. Development and implementation of a porcine IgM capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus antibodies in sentinel pigs. Arbovirus Res Aus 9 :352–356.
-
26
Pyke AT, Phillips DA, Chuan TF, Smith GA, 2004. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods for the production of arbovirus antigens inactivated by binary ethylenimine. BMC Microbiol 4 :3–10.
-
27
Johnsen DO, Edelman R, Grossman RA, Muangman D, Pomsdhit J, Gould DJ, 1974. Study of Japanese encephalitis virus in Chiangmai Valley, Thailand. V. Animal infections. Am J Epidemiol 100 :57–68.
-
28
Oda K, Igarashi A, Keong CT, Hong CC, Vijayamalar B, Sinniah M, Hassan SS, Tanaka H, 1996. Cross-sectional serosurvey for Japanese encephalitis specific antibody from animal sera in Malaysia 1993. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27 :463–470.
-
29
Takashima I, Watanabe T, Ouchi N, Hashimoto N, 1988. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Hokkaido: interepidemic outbreaks of swine abortion and evidence for the virus to overwinter locally. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :420–427.
-
30
Burns KF, 1950. Congenital Japanese B encephalitis infection of swine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 75 :621–625.
-
31
Lord CC, Rutledge CR, Tabachnick WJ, 2006. Relationships between host viremia and vector susceptibility for arboviruses. J Med Entomol 43 :623–630.
-
32
Gould DJ, Byrne RJ, Hayes DE, 1964. Experimental infection of horses with Japanese encephalitis virus by mosquito bite. Am J Trop Med Hyg 13 :742–746.
-
33
Kay BH, Young PL, Hall RA, Fanning ID, 1985. Experimental infection with Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, rabbits, macropods and chickens. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 63 :109–126.
-
34
Gómez A, Kramer LD, Dupuis AP, Kilpatrick AM, Davis LJ, Jones MJ, Daszak P, Aguirre AA, 2008. Experimental infection of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79 :447–451.
-
35
Brown AN, Kent KA, Bennett CJ, Bernard KA, 2007. Tissue tropism and neuroinvasion of West Nile virus do not differ for two mouse strains with different survival rates. Virology 368 :422–430.
-
36
Turell MJ, Tammariello RF, Spielman A, 1995. Nonvascular delivery of St. Louis encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses by infected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) feeding on a vertebrate host. J Med Entomol 32 :563–568.
-
37
Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1992. Nonvascular delivery of Rift Valley fever virus by infected mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :190–194.
-
38
Higgs S, Schneider BS, Vanlandingham DL, Klingler KA, Gould EA, 2005. Nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 :8871–8874.
-
39
McGee CE, Schneider BS, Girard YA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, 2007. Nonviremic transmission of West Nile virus: evaluation of the effects of space, time, and mosquito species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :424–430.
-
40
Markus N, Hall L, 2004. Foraging behaviour of the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) in the urban landscape of Brisbane, Queensland. Wildl Res 31 :345–355.
-
41
Breed AC, Smith CS, Epstein JH, 2006. Winged wanderers: long distance movements of flying foxes. MacDonald DW, ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 474–475.
-
42
Ritchie SA, Rochester W, 2001. Wind-blown mosquitoes and introduction of Japanese encephalitis into Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :900–903.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 993 | 822 | 29 |
| Full Text Views | 473 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 175 | 8 | 0 |