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-
1
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77 :41–51.
-
2
Utzinger J, Zhou XN, Chen MG, Bergquist R, 2005. Conquering schistosomiasis in China: the long march. Acta Trop 96 :69–96.
-
3
Zhou XN, Guo JG, Wu XH, Jiang QW, Zheng J, Dang H, Wang XH, Xu J, Zhu HQ, Wu GL, Li YS, Xu XJ, Chen HG, Wang TP, Zhu YC, Qiu DC, Dong XQ, Zhao GM, Zhang SJ, Zhao NQ, Xia G, Wang LY, Zhang SQ, Lin DD, Chen MG, Hao Y, 2007. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1470–1476.
-
4
Jiang Q, Wang L, Guo J, Chen M, Zhou X, Engels D, 2002. Morbidity control of schistosomiasis in China. Acta Trop 82 :115–125.
-
5
Engels D, Chitsulo L, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2002. The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research. Acta Trop 82 :139–146.
-
6
Bergquist NR, 1992. Present aspects of immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 4):29–38.
-
7
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14 :397–400.
-
8
Yu JM, de Vlas SJ, Yuan HC, Gryseels B, 1998. Variations in fecal Schistosoma japonicum egg counts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :370–375.
-
9
Lin DD, Liu JX, Liu YM, Hu F, Zhang YY, Xu JM, Li JY, Ji MJ, Bergquist R, Wu GL, Wu HW, 2008. Routine Kato-Katz technique underestimates the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum: a case study in an endemic area of the People’s Republic of China. Parasitol Int 57 :281–286.
-
10
Wu G, 2002. A historical perspective on the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis in China. Acta Trop 82 :193–198.
-
11
Yu JM, de Vlas SJ, Jiang QW, Gryseels B, 2007. Comparison of the Kato-Katz technique, hatching test and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China. Parasitol Int 56 :45–49.
-
12
Zhou YB, Yang MX, Wang QZ, Zhao GM, Wei JG, Peng WX, Jiang QW, 2007. Field comparison of immunodiagnostic and parasitological techniques for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in the People’s Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1138–1143.
-
13
Pontes LA, Oliveira MC, Katz N, Dias-Neto E, Rabello A, 2003. Comparison of a polymerase chain reaction and the Kato-Katz technique for diagnosing infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :652–656.
-
14
ten Hove RJ, Verweij JJ, Vereecken K, Polman K, Dieye L, van Lieshout L, 2008. Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection in stool samples collected in northern Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 :179–185.
-
15
Xia CM, Rong R, Lu ZX, Shi CJ, Xu J, Zhang HQ, Gong W, Luo W, 2009. Schistosoma japonicum: A PCR assay for the early detection and evaluation of treatment in a rabbit model. Exp Parasitol 121 :175–179.
-
16
Gobert GN, Chai M, Duke M, McManus DP, 2005. Copro-PCR based detection of Schistosoma eggs using mitochondrial DNA markers. Mol Cell Probes 19 :250–254.
-
17
Lier T, Simonsen GS, Haaheim H, Hjelmevoll SO, Vennervald BJ, Johansen MV, 2006. Novel real-time PCR for detection of Schistosoma japonicum in stool. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37 :257–264.
-
18
Lier T, Johansen MV, Hjelmevoll SO, Vennervald BJ, Simonsen GS, 2008. Real-time PCR for detection of low intensity Schistosoma japonicum infections in a pig model. Acta Trop 105 :74–80.
-
19
Sørensen E, Drew AC, Brindley PJ, Bogh HO, Gasser RB, Qian BZ, Chiping Q, McManus DP, 1998. Variation in the sequence of a mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase I gene fragment among six natural populations of Schistosoma japonicum from China. Int J Parasitol 28 :1931–1934.
-
20
Sørensen E, Bogh HO, Johansen MV, McManus DP, 1999. PCR-based identification of individuals of Schistosoma japonicum representing different subpopulations using a genetic marker in mitochondrial DNA. Int J Parasitol 29 :1121–1128.
-
21
Le TH, Humair PF, Blair D, Agatsuma T, Littlewood DT, McManus DP, 2001. Mitochondrial gene content, arrangement and composition compared in African and Asian schistosomes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 117 :61–71.
-
22
Altman DC, 1991. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London: Chapman and Hall, 403–405.
-
23
Yogore MG, Lewert RM, Blas BL, 1983. Seroepidemiology of schistosomiasis japonica by ELISA in the Philippines. I. Underestimation by stool examination of the prevalence of infection in school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :1322–1334.
-
24
Zhou H, Ross AG, Hartel GF, Sleigh AC, Williams GM, McManus DP, Luo XS, He Y, Li YS, 1998. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in Chinese schoolchildren by administration of a questionnaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :245–250.
-
25
Hubbard A, Liang S, Maszle D, Qiu D, Gu X, Spear RC, 2002. Estimating the distribution of worm burden and egg excretion of Schistosoma japonicum by risk group in Sichuan Province, China. Parasitology 125 :221–231.
-
26
Wang T, Johansen MV, Zhang SQ, Wang FF, Wu WD, Zhang GH, Pan XP, Ju Y, Ørnbjerg N, 2005. Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum by humans and domestic animals in the Yangtze River valley, Anhui Province, China. Acta Trop 96 :198–204.
-
27
Ye XP, Fu YL, Wu ZX, Anderson RM, Agnew A, 1997. The effects of temperature, light and water upon the hatching of the ova of Schistosoma japonicum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :575–580.
-
28
Ye XP, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM, Fu YL, Agnew A, 1998. The distribution of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in faeces and the effect of stirring faecal specimens. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :181–185.
-
29
Brinkmann UK, Powollik W, Werler C, Traore M, 1988. An evaluation of sampling methods within communities and the validity of parasitological examination techniques in the field. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :162–166.
-
30
Bergquist R, Johansen MV, Utzinger J, 2009. Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when? Trends Parasitol 25 :151–156.
-
31
World Health Organization, 2001. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis in Low Transmission Areas: Control Strategies and Criteria for Elimination. April 10–13, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/CDS/CPE/SIP/2001.1.
-
32
Wang LD, Chen HG, Guo JG, Zeng XJ, Hong XL, Xiong JJ, Wu XH, Wang XH, Wang LY, Xia G, Hao Y, Chin DP, Zhou XN, 2009. A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China. N Engl J Med 360 :121–128.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 382 | 263 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 11 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 11 | 0 |
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Low-Intensity Schistosoma japonicum Infections in China
Tore Lier
Tore Lier
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gunnar S. Simonsen
Gunnar S. Simonsen
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tianping Wang
Tianping Wang
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dabing Lu
Dabing Lu
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hanne H. Haukland
Hanne H. Haukland
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Birgitte J. Vennervald
Birgitte J. Vennervald
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Joachim Hegstad
Joachim Hegstad
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maria V. Johansen
Maria V. Johansen
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; DBL–Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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More sensitive methods for diagnosing infection with Schistosoma japonicum are needed as control becomes more effective. We compared a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for stool samples with conventional diagnostic methods in a study of 1,727 persons from Anhui Province, China. Seroprevalence determined by using an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) was much higher (26.1%) than the prevalence in stool-based tests, which were 5.3%, 3.2%, and 3.0% for PCR, hatching test, and Kato-Katz thick smear, respectively. A large proportion of the positive stool samples were only positive in one or two tests. The PCR showed better agreement with IHA than the other two stool-based tests. A commonly used diagnostic algorithm with initial screening for antibodies and subsequent testing with the Kato-Katz thick smear of the seropositive results would have resulted in treatment of 22 people compared with 50 people if the PCR replaced the Kato-Katz thick smear. As prevalence and intensity decrease, the benefit of increased sensitivity using the PCR must be weighed against additional costs.
Author Notes
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-
1
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77 :41–51.
-
2
Utzinger J, Zhou XN, Chen MG, Bergquist R, 2005. Conquering schistosomiasis in China: the long march. Acta Trop 96 :69–96.
-
3
Zhou XN, Guo JG, Wu XH, Jiang QW, Zheng J, Dang H, Wang XH, Xu J, Zhu HQ, Wu GL, Li YS, Xu XJ, Chen HG, Wang TP, Zhu YC, Qiu DC, Dong XQ, Zhao GM, Zhang SJ, Zhao NQ, Xia G, Wang LY, Zhang SQ, Lin DD, Chen MG, Hao Y, 2007. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1470–1476.
-
4
Jiang Q, Wang L, Guo J, Chen M, Zhou X, Engels D, 2002. Morbidity control of schistosomiasis in China. Acta Trop 82 :115–125.
-
5
Engels D, Chitsulo L, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2002. The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research. Acta Trop 82 :139–146.
-
6
Bergquist NR, 1992. Present aspects of immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 4):29–38.
-
7
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14 :397–400.
-
8
Yu JM, de Vlas SJ, Yuan HC, Gryseels B, 1998. Variations in fecal Schistosoma japonicum egg counts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :370–375.
-
9
Lin DD, Liu JX, Liu YM, Hu F, Zhang YY, Xu JM, Li JY, Ji MJ, Bergquist R, Wu GL, Wu HW, 2008. Routine Kato-Katz technique underestimates the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum: a case study in an endemic area of the People’s Republic of China. Parasitol Int 57 :281–286.
-
10
Wu G, 2002. A historical perspective on the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis in China. Acta Trop 82 :193–198.
-
11
Yu JM, de Vlas SJ, Jiang QW, Gryseels B, 2007. Comparison of the Kato-Katz technique, hatching test and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China. Parasitol Int 56 :45–49.
-
12
Zhou YB, Yang MX, Wang QZ, Zhao GM, Wei JG, Peng WX, Jiang QW, 2007. Field comparison of immunodiagnostic and parasitological techniques for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in the People’s Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1138–1143.
-
13
Pontes LA, Oliveira MC, Katz N, Dias-Neto E, Rabello A, 2003. Comparison of a polymerase chain reaction and the Kato-Katz technique for diagnosing infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :652–656.
-
14
ten Hove RJ, Verweij JJ, Vereecken K, Polman K, Dieye L, van Lieshout L, 2008. Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection in stool samples collected in northern Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 :179–185.
-
15
Xia CM, Rong R, Lu ZX, Shi CJ, Xu J, Zhang HQ, Gong W, Luo W, 2009. Schistosoma japonicum: A PCR assay for the early detection and evaluation of treatment in a rabbit model. Exp Parasitol 121 :175–179.
-
16
Gobert GN, Chai M, Duke M, McManus DP, 2005. Copro-PCR based detection of Schistosoma eggs using mitochondrial DNA markers. Mol Cell Probes 19 :250–254.
-
17
Lier T, Simonsen GS, Haaheim H, Hjelmevoll SO, Vennervald BJ, Johansen MV, 2006. Novel real-time PCR for detection of Schistosoma japonicum in stool. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37 :257–264.
-
18
Lier T, Johansen MV, Hjelmevoll SO, Vennervald BJ, Simonsen GS, 2008. Real-time PCR for detection of low intensity Schistosoma japonicum infections in a pig model. Acta Trop 105 :74–80.
-
19
Sørensen E, Drew AC, Brindley PJ, Bogh HO, Gasser RB, Qian BZ, Chiping Q, McManus DP, 1998. Variation in the sequence of a mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase I gene fragment among six natural populations of Schistosoma japonicum from China. Int J Parasitol 28 :1931–1934.
-
20
Sørensen E, Bogh HO, Johansen MV, McManus DP, 1999. PCR-based identification of individuals of Schistosoma japonicum representing different subpopulations using a genetic marker in mitochondrial DNA. Int J Parasitol 29 :1121–1128.
-
21
Le TH, Humair PF, Blair D, Agatsuma T, Littlewood DT, McManus DP, 2001. Mitochondrial gene content, arrangement and composition compared in African and Asian schistosomes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 117 :61–71.
-
22
Altman DC, 1991. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London: Chapman and Hall, 403–405.
-
23
Yogore MG, Lewert RM, Blas BL, 1983. Seroepidemiology of schistosomiasis japonica by ELISA in the Philippines. I. Underestimation by stool examination of the prevalence of infection in school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :1322–1334.
-
24
Zhou H, Ross AG, Hartel GF, Sleigh AC, Williams GM, McManus DP, Luo XS, He Y, Li YS, 1998. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in Chinese schoolchildren by administration of a questionnaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :245–250.
-
25
Hubbard A, Liang S, Maszle D, Qiu D, Gu X, Spear RC, 2002. Estimating the distribution of worm burden and egg excretion of Schistosoma japonicum by risk group in Sichuan Province, China. Parasitology 125 :221–231.
-
26
Wang T, Johansen MV, Zhang SQ, Wang FF, Wu WD, Zhang GH, Pan XP, Ju Y, Ørnbjerg N, 2005. Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum by humans and domestic animals in the Yangtze River valley, Anhui Province, China. Acta Trop 96 :198–204.
-
27
Ye XP, Fu YL, Wu ZX, Anderson RM, Agnew A, 1997. The effects of temperature, light and water upon the hatching of the ova of Schistosoma japonicum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :575–580.
-
28
Ye XP, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM, Fu YL, Agnew A, 1998. The distribution of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in faeces and the effect of stirring faecal specimens. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :181–185.
-
29
Brinkmann UK, Powollik W, Werler C, Traore M, 1988. An evaluation of sampling methods within communities and the validity of parasitological examination techniques in the field. Trop Med Parasitol 39 :162–166.
-
30
Bergquist R, Johansen MV, Utzinger J, 2009. Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when? Trends Parasitol 25 :151–156.
-
31
World Health Organization, 2001. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis in Low Transmission Areas: Control Strategies and Criteria for Elimination. April 10–13, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/CDS/CPE/SIP/2001.1.
-
32
Wang LD, Chen HG, Guo JG, Zeng XJ, Hong XL, Xiong JJ, Wu XH, Wang XH, Wang LY, Xia G, Hao Y, Chin DP, Zhou XN, 2009. A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China. N Engl J Med 360 :121–128.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 382 | 263 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 297 | 11 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 11 | 0 |