ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1
Convit J, Pinardi ME, Rondon AJ, 1972. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: a disease due to an immunological defect of the host. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66 :603–610.
-
2
Silveira FT, Lainson R, Corbett CE, 2004. Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :239–251.
-
3
Azeredo-Coutinho RB, Conceicao-Silva F, Schubach A, Cupolillo E, Quintella LP, Madeira MF, Pacheco RS, Valete-Rosalino CM, Mendonca SC, 2007. First report of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania amazonensis infection in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :735–737.
-
4
Salaiza-Suazo N, Volkow P, Tamayo R, Moll H, Gillitzer R, Perez-Torres A, Perez-Montfort R, Dominguez JD, Velasco-Castrejon O, Crippa M, Becker I, 1999. Treatment of two patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania mexicana modifies the immunohistological profile but not the disease outcome. Trop Med Int Health 4 :801–811.
-
5
Becker I, Volkow P, Velasco-Castrejon O, Salaiza-Suazo N, Berzunza-Cruz M, Dominguez JS, Morales-Vargas A, Ruiz-Remigio A, Perez-Montfort R, 1999. The efficacy of pentamidine combined with allopurinol and immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 85 :165–170.
-
6
Zerpa O, Ulrich M, Blanco B, Polegre M, Avila A, Matos N, Mendoza I, Pratlong F, Ravel C, Convit J, 2007. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis responds to miltefosine but then relapses. Br J Dermatol 156 :1328–1335.
-
7
Convit J, 1996. Leishmaniasis: immunological and clinical aspects and vaccines in Venezuela. Clin Dermatol 14 :479–487.
-
8
Convit J, Ulrich M, Polegre MA, Avila A, Rodriguez N, Mazzedo MI, Blanco B, 2004. Therapy of Venezuelan patients with severe mucocutaneous or early lesions of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with a vaccine containing pasteurized Leishmania promastigotes and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :57–62.
-
9
Suttmann H, Jacobsen M, Reiss K, Jocham D, Bohle A, Brandau S, 2004. Mechanisms of bacillus Calmette-Guerin mediated natural killer cell activation. J Urol 172 :1490–1495.
-
10
Liew FY, Li Y, Millott S, 1990. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergizes with IFN-gamma in mediating killing of Leishmania major through the induction of nitric oxide. J Immunol 145 :4306–4310.
-
11
Nascimento FR, Ribeiro-Dias F, Russo M, 1998. Cytotoxic activity of BCG-activated macrophages against L929 tumor cells is nitric oxide-dependent. Braz J Med Biol Res 31 :1593–1596.
-
12
Mukbel RM, Patten C Jr, Gibson K, Ghosh M, Petersen C, Jones DE, 2007. Macrophage killing of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes requires both nitric oxide and superoxide. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :669–675.
-
13
Aranha FC, Ribeiro U Jr, Basse P, Corbett CE, Laurenti MD, 2005. Interleukin-2-activated natural killer cells may have a direct role in the control of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigote and macrophage infection. Scand J Immunol 62 :334–341.
-
14
Esin S, Batoni G, Pardini M, Favilli F, Bottai D, Maisetta G, Florio W, Vanacore R, Wigzell H, Campa M, 2004. Functional characterization of human natural killer cells responding to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin. Immunology 112 :143–152.
-
15
Scharton TM, Scott P, 1993. Natural killer cells are a source of interferon gamma that drives differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets and induces early resistance to Leishmania major in mice. J Exp Med 178 :567–577.
-
16
Sambrook J, Fritsch E, Maniatis T, 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
-
17
Uliana SR, Nelson K, Beverley SM, Camargo EP, Floeter-Winter LM, 1994. Discrimination amongst Leishmania by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization with small subunit ribosomal DNA derived oligonucleotides. J Eukaryot Microbiol 41 :324–330.
-
18
Savani ES, Nunes VL, Galati EA, Castilho TM, Araujo FS, Ilha IM, Camargo MC, D’Auria SR, Floeter-Winter LM, 2005. Occurrence of co-infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi in a dog in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100 :739–741.
-
19
Mendonca SC, De Luca PM, Mayrink W, Restom TG, Conceicao-Silva F, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL, Da Costa CA, Genaro O, Toledo VP, Coutinho SG, 1995. Characterization of human T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses induced by a vaccine against American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :195–201.
-
20
Mayrink W, Botelho AC, Magalhaes PA, Batista SM, Lima Ade O, Genaro O, Costa CA, Melo MN, Michalick MS, Williams P, Dias M, Caiaffa WT, Nascimento E, Machado-Coelho GL, 2006. Immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy and chemotherapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 39 :14–21.
-
21
Toledo VP, Mayrink W, Gollob KJ, Oliveira MA, Costa CA, Genaro O, Pinto JA, Afonso LC, 2001. Immunochemotherapy in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: immunological aspects before and after treatment. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :89–98.
-
22
Gaddy J, Broxmeyer HE, 1997. Cord blood CD16+56− cells with low lytic activity are possible precursors of mature natural killer cells. Cell Immunol 180 :132–142.
-
23
Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Turner SC, Chen KS, Ghaheri BA, Ghayur T, Carson WE, Caligiuri MA, 2001. Human natural killer cells: a unique innate immunoregulatory role for the CD56(bright) subset. Blood 97 :3146–3151.
-
24
Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, 1996. Heterogeneity of human blood monocytes: the CD14+ CD16+ subpopulation. Immunol Today 17 :424–428.
-
25
Cabrera M, Blackwell JM, Castes M, Trujillo D, Convit J, Shaw MA, 2000. Immunotherapy with live BCG plus heat killed Leishmania induces a T helper 1-like response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Parasite Immunol 22 :73–79.
-
26
von Meyenn F, Schaefer M, Weighardt H, Bauer S, Kirschning CJ, Wagner H, Sparwasser T, 2006. Toll-like receptor 9 contributes to recognition of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin by Flt3-ligand generated dendritic cells. Immunobiology 211 :557–565.
-
27
Sorensen AL, Kharazmi A, Nielsen H, 1989. Leishmania interaction with human monocytes and neutrophils: modulation of the chemotactic response. Apmis 97 :754–760.
-
28
Nylen S, Maasho K, Soderstrom K, Ilg T, Akuffo H, 2003. Live Leishmania promastigotes can directly activate primary human natural killer cells to produce interferon-gamma. Clin Exp Immunol 131 :457–467.
-
29
Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA, 2001. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol 22 :633–640.
-
30
Moretta A, Marcenaro E, Parolini S, Ferlazzo G, Moretta L, 2008. NK cells at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Death Differ 15 :226–233.
-
31
Bomfim G, Nascimento C, Costa J, Carvalho EM, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 1996. Variation of cytokine patterns related to therapeutic response in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 84 :188–194.
-
32
Soares G, Barral A, Costa JM, Barral-Netto M, Van Weyenbergh J, 2006. CD16+ monocytes in human cutaneous leishmaniasis: increased ex vivo levels and correlation with clinical data. J Leukoc Biol 79 :36–39.
-
33
Naume B, Shalaby R, Lesslauer W, Espevik T, 1991. Involvement of the 55- and 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptors in the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity and proliferation of natural killer cells. J Immunol 146 :3045–3048.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1808 | 1708 | 44 |
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Increase of NK Cells and Proinflammatory Monocytes Are Associated with the Clinical Improvement of Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis after Immunochemotherapy with BCG/Leishmania Antigens
Ledice I. A. Pereira
Ledice I. A. Pereira
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Miriam L. Dorta
Miriam L. Dorta
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ana Joaquina C. S. Pereira
Ana Joaquina C. S. Pereira
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Rosidete P. Bastos
Rosidete P. Bastos
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Milton A. P. Oliveira
Milton A. P. Oliveira
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sebastião A. Pinto
Sebastião A. Pinto
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Hélio Galdino Jr
Hélio Galdino Jr
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Wilson Mayrink
Wilson Mayrink
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Warly Barcelos
Warly Barcelos
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Vicente P. C. P. Toledo
Vicente P. C. P. Toledo
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Gloria Maria C. A. Lima
Gloria Maria C. A. Lima
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás Hospital de Doenças Tropicais Anuar Auad, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is characterized by disseminated lesions and the absence of a specific cellular immune response. Here, the immunochemotherapy outcome of a patient with DCL from Amazonian Brazil infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is presented. After several unsuccessful chemotherapy treatment regimens and many relapses, a monthly immunotherapy scheme of L. amazonensis PH8 plus L. (Viannia) braziliensis M2903 monovalent vaccines associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was established, one round of which also included an M2903 vaccine associated with intermittent antimonial treatment. Temporary healing of all lesions was achieved, although Leishmania skin tests were negative and interferon γ was not detected in mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with Leishmania antigens. The frequencies of CD16 +CD56+ NK cells (~2×) and CD14 +CD16+ proinflammatory monocytes (~8×) increased in peripheral blood, and CD56 + lymphocytes were found infiltrating the lesions. An association between the increase of the frequency of innate immune system cells and the healing of lesions is shown, suggesting that this protocol of immunotherapy reduced the parasite load and activated NK cells and monocytes.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Convit J, Pinardi ME, Rondon AJ, 1972. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: a disease due to an immunological defect of the host. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66 :603–610.
-
2
Silveira FT, Lainson R, Corbett CE, 2004. Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :239–251.
-
3
Azeredo-Coutinho RB, Conceicao-Silva F, Schubach A, Cupolillo E, Quintella LP, Madeira MF, Pacheco RS, Valete-Rosalino CM, Mendonca SC, 2007. First report of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania amazonensis infection in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :735–737.
-
4
Salaiza-Suazo N, Volkow P, Tamayo R, Moll H, Gillitzer R, Perez-Torres A, Perez-Montfort R, Dominguez JD, Velasco-Castrejon O, Crippa M, Becker I, 1999. Treatment of two patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania mexicana modifies the immunohistological profile but not the disease outcome. Trop Med Int Health 4 :801–811.
-
5
Becker I, Volkow P, Velasco-Castrejon O, Salaiza-Suazo N, Berzunza-Cruz M, Dominguez JS, Morales-Vargas A, Ruiz-Remigio A, Perez-Montfort R, 1999. The efficacy of pentamidine combined with allopurinol and immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 85 :165–170.
-
6
Zerpa O, Ulrich M, Blanco B, Polegre M, Avila A, Matos N, Mendoza I, Pratlong F, Ravel C, Convit J, 2007. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis responds to miltefosine but then relapses. Br J Dermatol 156 :1328–1335.
-
7
Convit J, 1996. Leishmaniasis: immunological and clinical aspects and vaccines in Venezuela. Clin Dermatol 14 :479–487.
-
8
Convit J, Ulrich M, Polegre MA, Avila A, Rodriguez N, Mazzedo MI, Blanco B, 2004. Therapy of Venezuelan patients with severe mucocutaneous or early lesions of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with a vaccine containing pasteurized Leishmania promastigotes and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99 :57–62.
-
9
Suttmann H, Jacobsen M, Reiss K, Jocham D, Bohle A, Brandau S, 2004. Mechanisms of bacillus Calmette-Guerin mediated natural killer cell activation. J Urol 172 :1490–1495.
-
10
Liew FY, Li Y, Millott S, 1990. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergizes with IFN-gamma in mediating killing of Leishmania major through the induction of nitric oxide. J Immunol 145 :4306–4310.
-
11
Nascimento FR, Ribeiro-Dias F, Russo M, 1998. Cytotoxic activity of BCG-activated macrophages against L929 tumor cells is nitric oxide-dependent. Braz J Med Biol Res 31 :1593–1596.
-
12
Mukbel RM, Patten C Jr, Gibson K, Ghosh M, Petersen C, Jones DE, 2007. Macrophage killing of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes requires both nitric oxide and superoxide. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :669–675.
-
13
Aranha FC, Ribeiro U Jr, Basse P, Corbett CE, Laurenti MD, 2005. Interleukin-2-activated natural killer cells may have a direct role in the control of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigote and macrophage infection. Scand J Immunol 62 :334–341.
-
14
Esin S, Batoni G, Pardini M, Favilli F, Bottai D, Maisetta G, Florio W, Vanacore R, Wigzell H, Campa M, 2004. Functional characterization of human natural killer cells responding to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin. Immunology 112 :143–152.
-
15
Scharton TM, Scott P, 1993. Natural killer cells are a source of interferon gamma that drives differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets and induces early resistance to Leishmania major in mice. J Exp Med 178 :567–577.
-
16
Sambrook J, Fritsch E, Maniatis T, 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
-
17
Uliana SR, Nelson K, Beverley SM, Camargo EP, Floeter-Winter LM, 1994. Discrimination amongst Leishmania by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization with small subunit ribosomal DNA derived oligonucleotides. J Eukaryot Microbiol 41 :324–330.
-
18
Savani ES, Nunes VL, Galati EA, Castilho TM, Araujo FS, Ilha IM, Camargo MC, D’Auria SR, Floeter-Winter LM, 2005. Occurrence of co-infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi in a dog in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100 :739–741.
-
19
Mendonca SC, De Luca PM, Mayrink W, Restom TG, Conceicao-Silva F, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL, Da Costa CA, Genaro O, Toledo VP, Coutinho SG, 1995. Characterization of human T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses induced by a vaccine against American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :195–201.
-
20
Mayrink W, Botelho AC, Magalhaes PA, Batista SM, Lima Ade O, Genaro O, Costa CA, Melo MN, Michalick MS, Williams P, Dias M, Caiaffa WT, Nascimento E, Machado-Coelho GL, 2006. Immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy and chemotherapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 39 :14–21.
-
21
Toledo VP, Mayrink W, Gollob KJ, Oliveira MA, Costa CA, Genaro O, Pinto JA, Afonso LC, 2001. Immunochemotherapy in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: immunological aspects before and after treatment. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :89–98.
-
22
Gaddy J, Broxmeyer HE, 1997. Cord blood CD16+56− cells with low lytic activity are possible precursors of mature natural killer cells. Cell Immunol 180 :132–142.
-
23
Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Turner SC, Chen KS, Ghaheri BA, Ghayur T, Carson WE, Caligiuri MA, 2001. Human natural killer cells: a unique innate immunoregulatory role for the CD56(bright) subset. Blood 97 :3146–3151.
-
24
Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, 1996. Heterogeneity of human blood monocytes: the CD14+ CD16+ subpopulation. Immunol Today 17 :424–428.
-
25
Cabrera M, Blackwell JM, Castes M, Trujillo D, Convit J, Shaw MA, 2000. Immunotherapy with live BCG plus heat killed Leishmania induces a T helper 1-like response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Parasite Immunol 22 :73–79.
-
26
von Meyenn F, Schaefer M, Weighardt H, Bauer S, Kirschning CJ, Wagner H, Sparwasser T, 2006. Toll-like receptor 9 contributes to recognition of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin by Flt3-ligand generated dendritic cells. Immunobiology 211 :557–565.
-
27
Sorensen AL, Kharazmi A, Nielsen H, 1989. Leishmania interaction with human monocytes and neutrophils: modulation of the chemotactic response. Apmis 97 :754–760.
-
28
Nylen S, Maasho K, Soderstrom K, Ilg T, Akuffo H, 2003. Live Leishmania promastigotes can directly activate primary human natural killer cells to produce interferon-gamma. Clin Exp Immunol 131 :457–467.
-
29
Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA, 2001. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol 22 :633–640.
-
30
Moretta A, Marcenaro E, Parolini S, Ferlazzo G, Moretta L, 2008. NK cells at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Death Differ 15 :226–233.
-
31
Bomfim G, Nascimento C, Costa J, Carvalho EM, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 1996. Variation of cytokine patterns related to therapeutic response in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 84 :188–194.
-
32
Soares G, Barral A, Costa JM, Barral-Netto M, Van Weyenbergh J, 2006. CD16+ monocytes in human cutaneous leishmaniasis: increased ex vivo levels and correlation with clinical data. J Leukoc Biol 79 :36–39.
-
33
Naume B, Shalaby R, Lesslauer W, Espevik T, 1991. Involvement of the 55- and 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptors in the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity and proliferation of natural killer cells. J Immunol 146 :3045–3048.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1808 | 1708 | 44 |
| Full Text Views | 357 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 148 | 8 | 0 |