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1
Alvar J, Bashaye S, Argaw D, Cruz I, Aparicio P, Kassa A, Orfanos G, Parreno F, Babaniyi O, Gudeta N, Canavate C, Bern C, 2007. Kala-azar outbreak in Libo Kemkem, Ethiopia: epidemiologic and parasitologic assessment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :275–282.
-
2
Ashford RW, Hutchinson MP, Bray RS, 1973. Kala-azar in Ethiopia: epidemiological studies in a highland valley. Ethiop Med J 11 :259–264.
-
3
Mengesha B, Abuhoy M, 1978. Kala-azar among labour migrants in Metema-Humera region of Ethiopia. Trop Geogr Med 30 :199–206.
-
4
Bashaye S, Nombela N, Argaw D, Mulugeta A, Herrero M, Nieto J, Chicharro C, Cañavate C, Aparicio P, Vélez ID, Alvar J, Bern C, 2009. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81 :34–39.
-
5
World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, 1999. WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
6
Oskam L, Nieuwenhuijs JL, Hailu A, 1999. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test (DAT) using freeze-dried antigen for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in stored sera from various patient groups in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :275–277.
-
7
de Onis M, Garza C, Victora CG, Onyango AW, Frongillo EA, Martines J, 2004. The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study: planning, study design, and methodology. Food Nutr Bull 25 :S15–S26.
-
8
de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J, 2007. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 85 :660–667.
-
9
Garza C, de Onis M, 2004. Rationale for developing a new international growth reference. Food Nutr Bull 25 :S5–S14.
-
10
Collin S, Davidson R, Ritmeijer K, Keus K, Melaku Y, Kipngetich S, Davies C, 2004. Conflict and kala-azar: determinants of adverse outcomes of kala-azar among patients in southern Sudan. Clin Infect Dis 38 :612–619.
-
11
Lyons S, Veeken H, Long J, 2003. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV in Tigray, Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 8 :733–739.
-
12
Werneck GL, Batista MS, Gomes JR, Costa DL, Costa CH, 2003. Prognostic factors for death from visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil. Infection 31 :174–177.
-
13
Ritmeijer K, Dejenie A, Assefa Y, Hundie TB, Mesure J, Boots G, den Boer M, Davidson RN, 2006. A comparison of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high prevalence of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 43 :357–364.
-
14
Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Alamirew T, Gudeta N, Reta M, 2007. Preliminary entomological observations in a highland area of Amhara region, northern Ethiopia, with epidemic visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101 :367–370.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Natural History of a Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreak in Highland Ethiopia
Mercè Herrero
Mercè Herrero
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Giannos Orfanos
Giannos Orfanos
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Daniel Argaw
Daniel Argaw
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abate Mulugeta
Abate Mulugeta
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Pilar Aparicio
Pilar Aparicio
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Fernando Parreño
Fernando Parreño
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Oscar Bernal
Oscar Bernal
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Daniel Rubens
Daniel Rubens
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jaime Pedraza
Jaime Pedraza
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Maria Angeles Lima
Maria Angeles Lima
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Laurence Flevaud
Laurence Flevaud
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Pedro Pablo Palma
Pedro Pablo Palma
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Seife Bashaye
Seife Bashaye
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jorge Alvar
Jorge Alvar
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Caryn Bern
Caryn Bern
Disease Prevention and Control Programmes, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens, Addis Zemen, Ethiopia; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Médecins Sans Frontières, Medical Department, Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain; Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases, Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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In May 2005, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was recognized for the first time in Libo Kemken, Ethiopia, a highland region where only few cases had been reported before. We analyzed records of VL patients treated from May 25, 2005 to December 13, 2007 by the only VL treatment center in the area, maintained by Médecins Sans Frontières-Ethiopia, Operational Center Barcelona-Athens. The median age was 18 years; 77.6% were male. The overall case fatality rate was 4%, but adults 45 years or older were five times as likely to die as 5–29 year olds. Other factors associated with increased mortality included HIV infection, edema, severe malnutrition, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and vomiting. The VL epidemic expanded rapidly over a several-year period, culminating in an epidemic peak in the last third of 2005, spread over two districts, and transformed into a sustained endemic situation by 2007.
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-
1
Alvar J, Bashaye S, Argaw D, Cruz I, Aparicio P, Kassa A, Orfanos G, Parreno F, Babaniyi O, Gudeta N, Canavate C, Bern C, 2007. Kala-azar outbreak in Libo Kemkem, Ethiopia: epidemiologic and parasitologic assessment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :275–282.
-
2
Ashford RW, Hutchinson MP, Bray RS, 1973. Kala-azar in Ethiopia: epidemiological studies in a highland valley. Ethiop Med J 11 :259–264.
-
3
Mengesha B, Abuhoy M, 1978. Kala-azar among labour migrants in Metema-Humera region of Ethiopia. Trop Geogr Med 30 :199–206.
-
4
Bashaye S, Nombela N, Argaw D, Mulugeta A, Herrero M, Nieto J, Chicharro C, Cañavate C, Aparicio P, Vélez ID, Alvar J, Bern C, 2009. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81 :34–39.
-
5
World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, 1999. WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
6
Oskam L, Nieuwenhuijs JL, Hailu A, 1999. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test (DAT) using freeze-dried antigen for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in stored sera from various patient groups in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :275–277.
-
7
de Onis M, Garza C, Victora CG, Onyango AW, Frongillo EA, Martines J, 2004. The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study: planning, study design, and methodology. Food Nutr Bull 25 :S15–S26.
-
8
de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J, 2007. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 85 :660–667.
-
9
Garza C, de Onis M, 2004. Rationale for developing a new international growth reference. Food Nutr Bull 25 :S5–S14.
-
10
Collin S, Davidson R, Ritmeijer K, Keus K, Melaku Y, Kipngetich S, Davies C, 2004. Conflict and kala-azar: determinants of adverse outcomes of kala-azar among patients in southern Sudan. Clin Infect Dis 38 :612–619.
-
11
Lyons S, Veeken H, Long J, 2003. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV in Tigray, Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 8 :733–739.
-
12
Werneck GL, Batista MS, Gomes JR, Costa DL, Costa CH, 2003. Prognostic factors for death from visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil. Infection 31 :174–177.
-
13
Ritmeijer K, Dejenie A, Assefa Y, Hundie TB, Mesure J, Boots G, den Boer M, Davidson RN, 2006. A comparison of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high prevalence of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 43 :357–364.
-
14
Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Alamirew T, Gudeta N, Reta M, 2007. Preliminary entomological observations in a highland area of Amhara region, northern Ethiopia, with epidemic visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101 :367–370.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1162 | 1080 | 43 |
| Full Text Views | 350 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 126 | 9 | 0 |