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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1
Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE; WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group, 2005 . WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365 :1147– 1152.
-
2
Niehaus MD, Moore SR, Patrick PD, Derr LL, Lorntz B, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002 . Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :590– 593.
-
3
Berkman DS, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Lopez SL, Black MM, 2002 . Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. Lancet 359 :564– 571.
-
4
Lorntz B, Soares AM, Moore SR, Pinkerton R, Gansneder B, Bovbjerg VE, Guyatt H, Lima AM, Guerrant RL, 2006 . Early childhood diarrhea predicts impaired school performance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 :513– 520.
-
5
Steiner TS, Samie A, Guerrant RL, 2006 . Infectious diarrhea: new pathogens and new challenges in developed and developing areas. Clin Infect Dis 43 :408– 410.
-
6
Petri WA, Miller M, Binder HJ, Levine MM, Dillingham R, Guerrant RL, 2008 . Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development. J Clin Invest 118 :1277– 1290.
-
7
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA, 1996 . Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? Am J Epidemiol 144 :582– 588.
-
8
Vila J, Vargas M, Casals C, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Schellemberg D, Gascon J, 1999 . Antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children under the age of 5 years from Ifakara, Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :3022– 3024.
-
9
Franzolin MR, Alves RC, Keller R, Gomes TA, Beutin L, Barreto ML, Milroy C, Strina A, Ribeiro H, Trabulsi LR, 2005 . Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100 :359– 363.
-
10
Nguyen TV, Le PV, Le CH, Weintraub A, 2005 . Antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella strains isolated from children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :816– 819.
-
11
Estrada-García T, Cerna JF, Pacheco-Gil L, Velázquez RF, Ochoa TJ, Torres J, DuPont HL, 2005 . Drug-resistant diarrheogenic Escherichia coli, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1306– 1308.
-
12
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998 . Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142– 201.
-
13
Guion CE, Ochoa TJ, Walker CM, Barletta F, Cleary TG, 2008 . Diagnosis of the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli using melting curve analysis of a real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 46 :1752– 1757.
-
14
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2006 . Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Sixteenth Informational Supplement. M100-S16 . Vol. 26, No. 3. Wayne, PA: The Institute.
-
15
Pickering LK, 2004 . Antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 15 :71– 77.
-
16
Cabada MM, White AC Jr, 2008 . Travelers’ diarrhea: an update on susceptibility, prevention, and treatment. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10 :473– 479.
-
17
Leibovitz E, Janco J, Piglansky L, Press J, Yagupsky P, Reinhart H, Yaniv I, Dagan R, 2000 . Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 :1060– 1067.
-
18
O’Ryan M, Prado V, Pickering LK, 2005 . A millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 16 :125– 136.
-
19
Vanden Eng J, Marcus R, Hadler JL, Imhoff B, Vugia DJ, Cieslak PR, Zell E, Deneen V, McCombs KG, Zansky SM, Hawkins MA, Besser RE, 2003 . Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1128– 1135.
-
20
Magee JT, Pritchard EL, Fitzgerald KA, Dunstan FD, Howard AJ, 1999 . Antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance in community practice: retrospective study, 1996–8. BMJ 319 :1239– 1240.
-
21
Bojalil R, Calva JJ, 1994 . Antibiotic misuse in diarrhea. A household survey in a Mexican community. J Clin Epidemiol 47 :147– 156.
-
22
Bartoloni A, Cutts F, Leoni S, Austin CC, Mantella A, Guglielmetti P, Roselli M, Salazar E, Paradisi F, 1998 . Patterns of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among healthy children in Bolivia. Trop Med Int Health 3 :116– 123.
-
23
Howteerakul N, Higginbotham N, Dibley MJ, 2004 . Antimicrobial use in children under five years with diarrhea in a central region province, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 :181– 187.
-
24
Binsztein N, Picandet AM, Notario R, Patrito E, De Lesa ME, De Petris A, Maurel D, Nader O, Rivas M, Szefner M, Vergara M, 1999 . Antimicrobial resistance among species of Salmonella , Shigella , Escherichia , and Aeromonas isolated from children with diarrhea in 7 Argentinian centers [in Spanish]. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 41 :121– 126.
-
25
Mandomando IM, Macete EV, Ruiz J, Sanz S, Abacassamo F, Vallès X, Sacarlal J, Navia MM, Vila J, Alonso PL, Gascon J, 2007 . Etiology of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age admitted in a rural hospital of southern Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :522– 527.
-
26
Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O’Brien TF, Pablos-Mendez A, Klugman KP, 2005 . Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :481– 493.
-
27
Okeke IN, Aboderin OA, Byarugaba DK, Ojo KK, Opintan JA, 2007 . Growing problem of multidrug-resistant enteric pathogens in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1640– 1646.
-
28
Hien BT, Scheutz F, Cam PD, Serichantalergs O, Huong TT, Thu TM, Dalsgaard A, 2008 . Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella strains isolated from children in a hospital case-control study in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 46 :996– 1004.
-
29
Lopes LM, Fabbricotti SH, Ferreira AJ, Kato MA, Michalski J, Scaletsky IC, 2005 . Heterogeneity among strains of diffusely adherent Escherichia coli isolated in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 43 :1968– 1972.
-
30
Harrington SM, Dudley EG, Nataro JP, 2006 . Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 254 :12– 18.
-
31
Brueggemann AB, 2006 . Antibiotic resistance mechanisms among pediatric respiratory and enteric pathogens. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 :969– 973.
-
32
Barbosa TM, Levy SB, 2000 . Differential expression of over 60 chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli by constitutive expression of MarA . J Bacteriol 182 :3467– 3474.
-
33
Maira-Litrán T, Allison DG, Gilbert P, 2000 . Expression of the multiple antibiotic resistance operon ( mar ) during growth of Escherichia coli as a biofilm. J Appl Microbiol 88 :243– 247.
-
34
Gassama A, Aïdara-Kane A, Chainier D, Denis F, Ploy MC, 2004 . Integron-associated antibiotic resistance in enteroaggregative and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli . Microb Drug Resist 10 :27– 30.
-
35
Okeke IN, Steinrück H, Kanack KJ, Elliott SJ, Sundström L, Kaper JB, Lamikanra A, 2002 . Antibiotic-resistant cell-detaching Escherichia coli strains from Nigerian children. J Clin Microbiol 40 :301– 305.
-
36
Nwaneshiudu AI, Mucci T, Pickard DJ, Okeke IN, 2007 . A second large plasmid encodes conjugative transfer and antimicrobial resistance in O119:H2 and some typical O111 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. J Bacteriol 189 :6074– 6079.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1538 | 1445 | 361 |
| Full Text Views | 491 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 191 | 7 | 0 |
High Frequency of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Infants in Peru
Theresa J. Ochoa
Theresa J. Ochoa
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Joaquím Ruiz
Joaquím Ruiz
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Margarita Molina
Margarita Molina
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Luis J. Del Valle
Luis J. Del Valle
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Martha Vargas
Martha Vargas
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Ana I. Gil
Ana I. Gil
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Lucie Ecker
Lucie Ecker
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Francesca Barletta
Francesca Barletta
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Eric Hall
Eric Hall
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Thomas G. Cleary
Thomas G. Cleary
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Claudio F. Lanata
Claudio F. Lanata
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, Spain; U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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In a prospective passive diarrhea surveillance cohort study of 1,034 infants of low socioeconomic communities in Lima, Peru, we determined the prevalence and antimicrobial drug susceptibility of the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli . The prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli was 29% (161 of 557) in children with gastroenteritis and 30% (58 of 195) in the control group without diarrhea. The most common E. coli pathogens in diarrhea were enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (14%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (7%), diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) (4%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (4%). Diarrheagenic E. coli as a group exhibited high levels of antimicrobial drug resistance in diarrheal cases to ampicillin (85%), cotrimoxazole (79%), tetracycline (65%), and nalidixic acid (28%). Among individual E. coli groups in patients with diarrhea, DAEC and EAEC exhibited significant higher frequencies of resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and nalidixic acid than EPEC and ETEC. Antimicrobial drug resistance to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole were more frequent in E. coli isolated from diarrheal samples than controls, which reflected greater antibiotic exposure in patients with gastroenteritis.
Author Notes
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Zotero
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-
1
Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE; WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group, 2005 . WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365 :1147– 1152.
-
2
Niehaus MD, Moore SR, Patrick PD, Derr LL, Lorntz B, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002 . Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :590– 593.
-
3
Berkman DS, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Lopez SL, Black MM, 2002 . Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. Lancet 359 :564– 571.
-
4
Lorntz B, Soares AM, Moore SR, Pinkerton R, Gansneder B, Bovbjerg VE, Guyatt H, Lima AM, Guerrant RL, 2006 . Early childhood diarrhea predicts impaired school performance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 :513– 520.
-
5
Steiner TS, Samie A, Guerrant RL, 2006 . Infectious diarrhea: new pathogens and new challenges in developed and developing areas. Clin Infect Dis 43 :408– 410.
-
6
Petri WA, Miller M, Binder HJ, Levine MM, Dillingham R, Guerrant RL, 2008 . Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development. J Clin Invest 118 :1277– 1290.
-
7
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA, 1996 . Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? Am J Epidemiol 144 :582– 588.
-
8
Vila J, Vargas M, Casals C, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Schellemberg D, Gascon J, 1999 . Antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children under the age of 5 years from Ifakara, Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :3022– 3024.
-
9
Franzolin MR, Alves RC, Keller R, Gomes TA, Beutin L, Barreto ML, Milroy C, Strina A, Ribeiro H, Trabulsi LR, 2005 . Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100 :359– 363.
-
10
Nguyen TV, Le PV, Le CH, Weintraub A, 2005 . Antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella strains isolated from children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :816– 819.
-
11
Estrada-García T, Cerna JF, Pacheco-Gil L, Velázquez RF, Ochoa TJ, Torres J, DuPont HL, 2005 . Drug-resistant diarrheogenic Escherichia coli, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1306– 1308.
-
12
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998 . Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142– 201.
-
13
Guion CE, Ochoa TJ, Walker CM, Barletta F, Cleary TG, 2008 . Diagnosis of the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli using melting curve analysis of a real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 46 :1752– 1757.
-
14
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2006 . Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Sixteenth Informational Supplement. M100-S16 . Vol. 26, No. 3. Wayne, PA: The Institute.
-
15
Pickering LK, 2004 . Antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 15 :71– 77.
-
16
Cabada MM, White AC Jr, 2008 . Travelers’ diarrhea: an update on susceptibility, prevention, and treatment. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10 :473– 479.
-
17
Leibovitz E, Janco J, Piglansky L, Press J, Yagupsky P, Reinhart H, Yaniv I, Dagan R, 2000 . Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intramuscular ceftriaxone as empiric treatment of acute invasive diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 :1060– 1067.
-
18
O’Ryan M, Prado V, Pickering LK, 2005 . A millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 16 :125– 136.
-
19
Vanden Eng J, Marcus R, Hadler JL, Imhoff B, Vugia DJ, Cieslak PR, Zell E, Deneen V, McCombs KG, Zansky SM, Hawkins MA, Besser RE, 2003 . Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1128– 1135.
-
20
Magee JT, Pritchard EL, Fitzgerald KA, Dunstan FD, Howard AJ, 1999 . Antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance in community practice: retrospective study, 1996–8. BMJ 319 :1239– 1240.
-
21
Bojalil R, Calva JJ, 1994 . Antibiotic misuse in diarrhea. A household survey in a Mexican community. J Clin Epidemiol 47 :147– 156.
-
22
Bartoloni A, Cutts F, Leoni S, Austin CC, Mantella A, Guglielmetti P, Roselli M, Salazar E, Paradisi F, 1998 . Patterns of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among healthy children in Bolivia. Trop Med Int Health 3 :116– 123.
-
23
Howteerakul N, Higginbotham N, Dibley MJ, 2004 . Antimicrobial use in children under five years with diarrhea in a central region province, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 :181– 187.
-
24
Binsztein N, Picandet AM, Notario R, Patrito E, De Lesa ME, De Petris A, Maurel D, Nader O, Rivas M, Szefner M, Vergara M, 1999 . Antimicrobial resistance among species of Salmonella , Shigella , Escherichia , and Aeromonas isolated from children with diarrhea in 7 Argentinian centers [in Spanish]. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 41 :121– 126.
-
25
Mandomando IM, Macete EV, Ruiz J, Sanz S, Abacassamo F, Vallès X, Sacarlal J, Navia MM, Vila J, Alonso PL, Gascon J, 2007 . Etiology of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age admitted in a rural hospital of southern Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :522– 527.
-
26
Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O’Brien TF, Pablos-Mendez A, Klugman KP, 2005 . Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :481– 493.
-
27
Okeke IN, Aboderin OA, Byarugaba DK, Ojo KK, Opintan JA, 2007 . Growing problem of multidrug-resistant enteric pathogens in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1640– 1646.
-
28
Hien BT, Scheutz F, Cam PD, Serichantalergs O, Huong TT, Thu TM, Dalsgaard A, 2008 . Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella strains isolated from children in a hospital case-control study in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 46 :996– 1004.
-
29
Lopes LM, Fabbricotti SH, Ferreira AJ, Kato MA, Michalski J, Scaletsky IC, 2005 . Heterogeneity among strains of diffusely adherent Escherichia coli isolated in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 43 :1968– 1972.
-
30
Harrington SM, Dudley EG, Nataro JP, 2006 . Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 254 :12– 18.
-
31
Brueggemann AB, 2006 . Antibiotic resistance mechanisms among pediatric respiratory and enteric pathogens. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 :969– 973.
-
32
Barbosa TM, Levy SB, 2000 . Differential expression of over 60 chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli by constitutive expression of MarA . J Bacteriol 182 :3467– 3474.
-
33
Maira-Litrán T, Allison DG, Gilbert P, 2000 . Expression of the multiple antibiotic resistance operon ( mar ) during growth of Escherichia coli as a biofilm. J Appl Microbiol 88 :243– 247.
-
34
Gassama A, Aïdara-Kane A, Chainier D, Denis F, Ploy MC, 2004 . Integron-associated antibiotic resistance in enteroaggregative and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli . Microb Drug Resist 10 :27– 30.
-
35
Okeke IN, Steinrück H, Kanack KJ, Elliott SJ, Sundström L, Kaper JB, Lamikanra A, 2002 . Antibiotic-resistant cell-detaching Escherichia coli strains from Nigerian children. J Clin Microbiol 40 :301– 305.
-
36
Nwaneshiudu AI, Mucci T, Pickard DJ, Okeke IN, 2007 . A second large plasmid encodes conjugative transfer and antimicrobial resistance in O119:H2 and some typical O111 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. J Bacteriol 189 :6074– 6079.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1538 | 1445 | 361 |
| Full Text Views | 491 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 191 | 7 | 0 |