ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Ejemot R, Ehiri J, Meremikwu M, Critchley J, 2008. Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004265.
-
2
Rabie T, Curtis V, 2006. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 11 :258–267.
-
3
Han AM, Hlaing T, 1989. Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :128–131.
-
4
Haggerty PA, Muladi K, Kirkwood BR, Ashworth A, Manunebo M, 1994. Community-based hygiene education to reduce diarrhoeal disease in rural Zaire: impact of the intervention on diarrhoeal morbidity. Int J Epidemiol 23 :1050–1059.
-
5
Stanton BF, Clemens JD, 1987. An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. II. A randomized trial to assess the impact of the intervention on hygienic behaviors and rates of diarrhea. Am J Epidemiol 125 :292–301.
-
6
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, Hoekstra RM, 2005. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366 :225–233.
-
7
Hoque BA, Juncker T, Sack RB, Ali M, Aziz KM, 1996. Sustainability of a water, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh: a 5-year follow-up. Bull World Health Organ 74 :431–437.
-
8
Cairncross S, Shordt K, 2004. It does last! Some findings from a multi-country study of hygiene sustainability. Waterlines 22 :4–7.
-
9
Cairncross S, Shordt K, Zacharia S, Govindan BK, 2005. What causes sustainable changes in hygiene behaviour? A cross-sectional study from Kerala, India. Soc Sci Med 61 :2212–2220.
-
10
Wilson JM, Chandler GN, 1993. Sustained improvements in hygiene behaviour amongst village women in Lombok, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :615–616.
-
11
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM, 2006. Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 11 :479–489.
-
12
Hanley JA, Negassa A, Edwardes MD, Forrester JE, 2003. Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: an orientation. Am J Epidemiol 157 :364–375.
-
13
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA, 1996. Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? Am J Epidemiol 144 :582–588.
-
14
Luby SP, Mendoza C, Keswick BH, Chiller TM, Hoekstra RM, 2008. Difficulties in bringing point-of-use water treatment to scale in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :382–387.
-
15
Cousens S, Kanki B, Toure S, Diallo I, Curtis V, 1996. Reactivity and repeatability of hygiene behaviour: structured observations from Burkina Faso. Soc Sci Med 43 :1299–1308.
-
16
Stanton BF, Clemens JD, Aziz KM, Rahman M, 1987. Twenty-four-hour recall, knowledge-attitude-practice questionnaires, and direct observations of sanitary practices: a comparative study. Bull World Health Organ 65 :217–222.
-
17
Biran A, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Juvekar S, Hirve S, Curtis V, 2008. Comparing the performance of indicators of hand-washing practices in rural Indian households. Trop Med Int Health 13 :278–285.
-
18
Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T, Garbrah-Aidoo N, 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22 :225–233.
-
19
Zeitlyn S, Islam F, 1991. The use of soap and water in two Bangladeshi communities: implications for the transmission of diarrhea. Rev Infect Dis 13 (Suppl 4):S259–S264.
-
20
Orleans CT, 2000. Promoting the maintenance of health behavior change: recommendations for the next generation of research and practice. Health Psychol 19 :76–83.
-
21
Scott BE, Schmidt WP, Aunger R, Garbrah-Aidoo N, Animashaun R, 2008. Marketing hygiene behaviours: the impact of different communication channels on reported hand-washing behaviour of women in Ghana. Health Educ Res 23 :392–401.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 513 | 373 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 356 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 171 | 5 | 0 |
Difficulties in Maintaining Improved Handwashing Behavior, Karachi, Pakistan
Stephen P. Luby
Stephen P. Luby
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Oriented Preventive Education, Karachi, Pakistan; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Washington University School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
Search for other papers by Stephen P. Luby in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stephen P. Luby in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mubina Agboatwalla
Mubina Agboatwalla
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Oriented Preventive Education, Karachi, Pakistan; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Washington University School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
Search for other papers by Mubina Agboatwalla in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mubina Agboatwalla in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Anna Bowen
Anna Bowen
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Oriented Preventive Education, Karachi, Pakistan; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Washington University School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
Search for other papers by Anna Bowen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anna Bowen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Eben Kenah
Eben Kenah
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Oriented Preventive Education, Karachi, Pakistan; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Washington University School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
Search for other papers by Eben Kenah in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Eben Kenah in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Yushuf Sharker
Yushuf Sharker
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Oriented Preventive Education, Karachi, Pakistan; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Washington University School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
Search for other papers by Yushuf Sharker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yushuf Sharker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Robert M. Hoekstra
Robert M. Hoekstra
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Health Oriented Preventive Education, Karachi, Pakistan; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Washington University School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
Search for other papers by Robert M. Hoekstra in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robert M. Hoekstra in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
In an earlier study in Karachi, Pakistan, households that received free soap and handwashing promotion for 9 months reported 53% less diarrhea than controls. Eighteen months after the intervention ended, these households were enrolled in a follow-up study to assess sustainability of handwashing behavior. Upon re-enrollment, mothers in households originally assigned to the intervention were 1.5 times more likely to have a place with soap and water to wash hands (79% versus 53%, P = 0.001) and when asked to wash hands were 2.2 times more likely to rub their hands together at least three times (50% versus 23%, P = 0.002) compared with controls. In the ensuing 14 months, former intervention households reported a similar proportion of person-days with diarrhea (1.59% versus 1.88%, P = 0.66) as controls. Although intervention households showed better handwashing technique after 2 years without intervention, their soap purchases and diarrhea experience was not significantly different from controls.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Ejemot R, Ehiri J, Meremikwu M, Critchley J, 2008. Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004265.
-
2
Rabie T, Curtis V, 2006. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 11 :258–267.
-
3
Han AM, Hlaing T, 1989. Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 :128–131.
-
4
Haggerty PA, Muladi K, Kirkwood BR, Ashworth A, Manunebo M, 1994. Community-based hygiene education to reduce diarrhoeal disease in rural Zaire: impact of the intervention on diarrhoeal morbidity. Int J Epidemiol 23 :1050–1059.
-
5
Stanton BF, Clemens JD, 1987. An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. II. A randomized trial to assess the impact of the intervention on hygienic behaviors and rates of diarrhea. Am J Epidemiol 125 :292–301.
-
6
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, Hoekstra RM, 2005. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366 :225–233.
-
7
Hoque BA, Juncker T, Sack RB, Ali M, Aziz KM, 1996. Sustainability of a water, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh: a 5-year follow-up. Bull World Health Organ 74 :431–437.
-
8
Cairncross S, Shordt K, 2004. It does last! Some findings from a multi-country study of hygiene sustainability. Waterlines 22 :4–7.
-
9
Cairncross S, Shordt K, Zacharia S, Govindan BK, 2005. What causes sustainable changes in hygiene behaviour? A cross-sectional study from Kerala, India. Soc Sci Med 61 :2212–2220.
-
10
Wilson JM, Chandler GN, 1993. Sustained improvements in hygiene behaviour amongst village women in Lombok, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :615–616.
-
11
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM, 2006. Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 11 :479–489.
-
12
Hanley JA, Negassa A, Edwardes MD, Forrester JE, 2003. Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: an orientation. Am J Epidemiol 157 :364–375.
-
13
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA, 1996. Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? Am J Epidemiol 144 :582–588.
-
14
Luby SP, Mendoza C, Keswick BH, Chiller TM, Hoekstra RM, 2008. Difficulties in bringing point-of-use water treatment to scale in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :382–387.
-
15
Cousens S, Kanki B, Toure S, Diallo I, Curtis V, 1996. Reactivity and repeatability of hygiene behaviour: structured observations from Burkina Faso. Soc Sci Med 43 :1299–1308.
-
16
Stanton BF, Clemens JD, Aziz KM, Rahman M, 1987. Twenty-four-hour recall, knowledge-attitude-practice questionnaires, and direct observations of sanitary practices: a comparative study. Bull World Health Organ 65 :217–222.
-
17
Biran A, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Juvekar S, Hirve S, Curtis V, 2008. Comparing the performance of indicators of hand-washing practices in rural Indian households. Trop Med Int Health 13 :278–285.
-
18
Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T, Garbrah-Aidoo N, 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22 :225–233.
-
19
Zeitlyn S, Islam F, 1991. The use of soap and water in two Bangladeshi communities: implications for the transmission of diarrhea. Rev Infect Dis 13 (Suppl 4):S259–S264.
-
20
Orleans CT, 2000. Promoting the maintenance of health behavior change: recommendations for the next generation of research and practice. Health Psychol 19 :76–83.
-
21
Scott BE, Schmidt WP, Aunger R, Garbrah-Aidoo N, Animashaun R, 2008. Marketing hygiene behaviours: the impact of different communication channels on reported hand-washing behaviour of women in Ghana. Health Educ Res 23 :392–401.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 513 | 373 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 356 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 171 | 5 | 0 |