ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Leshabari SC, Blystad A, Moland KM, 2007. Difficult choices: infant feeding experiences of HIV-positive mothers in northern Tanzania. SAHARA J 4 :544–555.
-
2
WHO, 2002. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Available at: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NUTRITION/gs_iycf.pdf. Accessed August 5, 2008.
-
3
WHO, New data on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and their policy implications. Available at: http://who.int/reproductive-health/publications/new_data_preven-tion_mtct_hiv/index.html. Accessed August 7, 2008.
-
4
CDC, 2001. Evaluation of a regional pilot program to prevent mother-infant HIV transmission–Thailand, 1998–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :599–603.
-
5
The Body, The Complete HIV/AIDS Resource, 2002. Argentina: prevention cuts perinatal HIV/AIDS. Available at: http://www.thebody.com/content/world/art18658.html. Accessed August 13, 2008.
-
6
Federal Ministry of Health, 2005. National Guidelines on the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health.
-
7
Le CT, Vu TT, Luu MC, Do TN, Dinh TH, Kamb ML, 2008. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Vietnam: an assessment of progress and future directions. J Trop Pediatr 54 :225–232.
-
8
Rea MF, dos Santos RG, Sanchez-Moreno CC, 2007. Quality of infant feeding counselling for HIV+ mothers in Brazil: challenges and achievements. Acta Paediatr 96 :94–99.
-
9
Shapiro R, Lockman S, Thior I, Stocking L, Kebaabetswe P, Peter T, Marlink R, Essex M, Heymann S, 2003. Low adherence to recommended infant feeding strategies among HIV-infected women: results from the pilot phase of a randomized trial to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Botswana. AIDS Educ Prev 15 :221–230.
-
10
Measure DHS, Statcompiler. Available at: http://www.statcompiler.com/index.cfm. Accessed January 29, 2009.
-
11
WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 2000. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet 355 :451–455.
-
12
Dunne EF, Angoran-Benie H, Kamelan-Tano A, Sibailly TS, Monga BB, Kouadio L, Roels TH, Wiktor SZ, Lackritz EM, Mintz ED, Luby S, 2001. Is drinking water in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, safe for infant formula? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 28 :393–398.
-
13
Leroy V, Sakarovitch C, Viho I, Becquet R, Ekouevi DK, Bequet L, Rouet F, Dabis F, Timite-Konan M, 2007. Acceptability of formula-feeding to prevent HIV postnatal transmission, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: ANRS 1201/1202 Ditrame Plus Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 44 :77–86.
-
14
Lipsky S, Stephenson PA, Koepsell TD, Gloyd SS, Lopez JL, Bain CE, 1994. Breastfeeding and weaning practices in rural Mexico. Nutr Health 9 :255–263.
-
15
Wamani H, Astrom AN, Peterson S, Tylleskar T, Tumwine JK, 2005. Infant and young child feeding in western Uganda: knowledge, practices and socio-economic correlates. J Trop Pediatr 51 :356–361.
-
16
Andresen E, Rollins NC, Sturm AW, Conana N, Greiner T, 2007. Bacterial contamination and over-dilution of commercial infant formula prepared by HIV-infected mothers in a Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme, South Africa. J Trop Pediatr 53 :409–414.
-
17
Cherian A, Lawande R, 1985. Recovery of potential pathogens from feeding bottle contents and nipples in Zaria, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :840–842.
-
18
Feachem RG, Koblinsky MA, 1984. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of breast-feeding. Bull World Health Organ 62 :271–291.
-
19
Jason JM, Nieburg P, Marks JS, 1984. Mortality and infectious disease associated with infant-feeding practices in developing countries. Pediatrics 74 :702–727.
-
20
Morais TB, Sigulem DM, de Sousa Maranhao H, de Morais MB, 2005. Bacterial contamination and nutrient content of home-prepared milk feeding bottles of infants attending a public out-patient clinic. J Trop Pediatr 51 :87–92.
-
21
Brouard C, Espie E, Weill FX, Kerouanton A, Brisabois A, Forgue AM, Vaillant V, de Valk H, 2007. Two consecutive large outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona infections in infants linked to the consumption of powdered infant formula. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26 :148–152.
-
22
Cahill SM, Wachsmuth IK, Costarrica Mde L, Ben Embarek PK, 2008. Powdered infant formula as a source of Salmonella infection in infants. Clin Infect Dis 46 :268–273.
-
23
Elegbe IA, Ojofeitimi EO, Elegbe I, Akinola MO, 1982. Pathogenic bacteria isolated from infant feeding teats: contamination of teats used by illiterate and educated nursing mothers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Am J Dis Child 136 :672–674.
-
24
Jourdan N, Le Hello S, Delmas G, Clouzeau J, Manteau C, Desaubliaux B, Chagnon V, Thierry-Bled F, Demare N, Weill F, de Valk H, 2008. Nationwide outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype give infections in infants in France, linked to infant milk formula, September 2008. Euro Surveill 13.
-
25
Levine MM, Edelman R, 1984. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Epidemiol Rev 6 :31–51.
-
26
Morais TB, Morais MB, Sigulem DM, 1998. Bacterial contamination of the lacteal contents of feeding bottles in metropolitan Sao Paulo, Brazil. Bull World Health Organ 76 :173–181.
-
27
Z WT, Tesfaye H, 1992. Bacteriological quality of infant feeding bottle-contents and teats in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 30 :79–88.
-
28
Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group, 2005. Counseling pregnant women and new mothers about HIV: counseling practices at Siriraj and Rajavithi Hospitals and Queen Sirikit National Institute for Child Health. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/HAC-PCG/section8.htm. Accessed July 21, 2005.
-
29
Dorosko S, Rollins N, 2003. Infant formula preparation by rural and semi-rural women in South Africa. Food Policy 28 :117–130.
-
30
Coutsoudis A, 2005. Breastfeeding and the HIV positive mother: the debate continues. Early Hum Dev 81 :87–93.
-
31
Doherty T, Chopra M, Jackson D, Goga A, Colvin M, Persson LA, 2007. Effectiveness of the WHO/UNICEF guidelines on infant feeding for HIV-positive women: results from a prospective cohort study in South Africa. AIDS 21 :1791–1797.
-
32
Thior I, Lockman S, Smeaton LM, Shapiro RL, Wester C, Heymann SJ, Gilbert PB, Stevens L, Peter T, Kim S, van Widenfelt E, Moffat C, Ndase P, Arimi P, Kebaabetswe P, Mazonde P, Makhema J, McIntosh K, Novitsky V, Lee TH, Marlink R, Lagakos S, Essex M, 2006. Breastfeeding plus infant zidovudine prophylaxis for 6 months vs formula feeding plus infant zidovudine for 1 month to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in Botswana: a randomized trial: the Mashi Study. JAMA 296 :794–805.
-
33
Chiller TM, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Keswick BH, Luby SP, 2006. Reducing diarrhoea in Guatemalan children: randomized controlled trial of flocculant-disinfectant for drinking-water. Bull World Health Organ 84 :28–35.
-
34
Clasen TF, Brown J, Collin S, Suntura O, Cairncross S, 2004. Reducing diarrhea through the use of household-based ceramic water filters: a randomized, controlled trial in rural Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :651–657.
-
35
Crump JA, Otieno PO, Slutsker L, Keswick BH, Rosen DH, Hoekstra RM, Vulule JM, Luby SP, 2005. Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 331 :478.
-
36
Rose A, Roy S, Abraham V, Holmgren G, George K, Balraj V, Abraham S, Muliyil J, Joseph A, Kang G, 2006. Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India. Arch Dis Child 91 :139–141.
-
37
Shrestha RK, Marseille E, Kahn JG, Lule JR, Pitter C, Blandford JM, Bunnell R, Coutinho A, Kizito F, Quick R, Mermin J, 2006. Cost-effectiveness of home-based chlorination and safe water storage in reducing diarrhea among HIV-affected households in rural Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :884–890.
-
38
Gransden WR, Webster M, French GL, Phillips I, 1986. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens transmitted by contaminated breast pumps in a special care baby unit. J Hosp Infect 7 :149–154.
-
39
Rowan NJ, Anderson JG, 1998. Effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection procedures on the removal of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus from infant feeding bottles. J Food Prot 61 :196–200.
-
40
Shields JM, Hill VR, Arrowood MJ, Beach MJ, 2008. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under chlorinated recreational water conditions. J Water Health 6 :513–520.
-
41
Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr, 2007. Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :354–364.
-
42
Gupta SK, Suantio A, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1158–1162.
-
43
Ram PK, Kelsey E, Rasoatiana, Miarintsoa RR, Rakotomalala O, Dunston C, Quick RE, 2007. Bringing safe water to remote populations: an evaluation of a portable point-of-use intervention in rural Madagascar. Am J Public Health 97 :398–400.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 467 | 255 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 520 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 203 | 9 | 0 |
Efficacy of Protocols for Cleaning and Disinfecting Infant Feeding Bottles in Less Developed Communities
Li Ma
Li Ma
Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia; Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Guodong Zhang
Guodong Zhang
Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia; Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Balasubr Swaminathan
Balasubr Swaminathan
Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia; Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Michael Doyle
Michael Doyle
Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia; Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Anna Bowen
Anna Bowen
Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia; Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Although breastfeeding is the best choice for most infants, infant formula is used widely, commonly introduced during the neonatal period, and usually given to infants in bottles that can be difficult to clean. We artificially contaminated infant feeding bottles with low and high inocula of bacterial enteric pathogens and evaluated the efficacy of several cleaning and chlorine disinfection protocols. Rinsing with soapy water followed by tap water was the most effective cleaning method and reduced pathogen load by 3.7 and 3.1 log10s at the low and high inoculum levels, respectively. Submersion in 50 ppm hypochlorite solution for 30 minutes produced a 3.7-log10 reduction in pathogens, resulting in no identifiable pathogens among bottles. This result was comparable to boiling. When combined with handwashing, use of safe water, and appropriate storage of prepared infant formula, these simple, inexpensive practices could improve the microbiological safety of infant formula feeding in less developed settings.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Leshabari SC, Blystad A, Moland KM, 2007. Difficult choices: infant feeding experiences of HIV-positive mothers in northern Tanzania. SAHARA J 4 :544–555.
-
2
WHO, 2002. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Available at: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NUTRITION/gs_iycf.pdf. Accessed August 5, 2008.
-
3
WHO, New data on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and their policy implications. Available at: http://who.int/reproductive-health/publications/new_data_preven-tion_mtct_hiv/index.html. Accessed August 7, 2008.
-
4
CDC, 2001. Evaluation of a regional pilot program to prevent mother-infant HIV transmission–Thailand, 1998–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 :599–603.
-
5
The Body, The Complete HIV/AIDS Resource, 2002. Argentina: prevention cuts perinatal HIV/AIDS. Available at: http://www.thebody.com/content/world/art18658.html. Accessed August 13, 2008.
-
6
Federal Ministry of Health, 2005. National Guidelines on the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health.
-
7
Le CT, Vu TT, Luu MC, Do TN, Dinh TH, Kamb ML, 2008. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Vietnam: an assessment of progress and future directions. J Trop Pediatr 54 :225–232.
-
8
Rea MF, dos Santos RG, Sanchez-Moreno CC, 2007. Quality of infant feeding counselling for HIV+ mothers in Brazil: challenges and achievements. Acta Paediatr 96 :94–99.
-
9
Shapiro R, Lockman S, Thior I, Stocking L, Kebaabetswe P, Peter T, Marlink R, Essex M, Heymann S, 2003. Low adherence to recommended infant feeding strategies among HIV-infected women: results from the pilot phase of a randomized trial to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Botswana. AIDS Educ Prev 15 :221–230.
-
10
Measure DHS, Statcompiler. Available at: http://www.statcompiler.com/index.cfm. Accessed January 29, 2009.
-
11
WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 2000. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet 355 :451–455.
-
12
Dunne EF, Angoran-Benie H, Kamelan-Tano A, Sibailly TS, Monga BB, Kouadio L, Roels TH, Wiktor SZ, Lackritz EM, Mintz ED, Luby S, 2001. Is drinking water in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, safe for infant formula? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 28 :393–398.
-
13
Leroy V, Sakarovitch C, Viho I, Becquet R, Ekouevi DK, Bequet L, Rouet F, Dabis F, Timite-Konan M, 2007. Acceptability of formula-feeding to prevent HIV postnatal transmission, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: ANRS 1201/1202 Ditrame Plus Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 44 :77–86.
-
14
Lipsky S, Stephenson PA, Koepsell TD, Gloyd SS, Lopez JL, Bain CE, 1994. Breastfeeding and weaning practices in rural Mexico. Nutr Health 9 :255–263.
-
15
Wamani H, Astrom AN, Peterson S, Tylleskar T, Tumwine JK, 2005. Infant and young child feeding in western Uganda: knowledge, practices and socio-economic correlates. J Trop Pediatr 51 :356–361.
-
16
Andresen E, Rollins NC, Sturm AW, Conana N, Greiner T, 2007. Bacterial contamination and over-dilution of commercial infant formula prepared by HIV-infected mothers in a Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme, South Africa. J Trop Pediatr 53 :409–414.
-
17
Cherian A, Lawande R, 1985. Recovery of potential pathogens from feeding bottle contents and nipples in Zaria, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :840–842.
-
18
Feachem RG, Koblinsky MA, 1984. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of breast-feeding. Bull World Health Organ 62 :271–291.
-
19
Jason JM, Nieburg P, Marks JS, 1984. Mortality and infectious disease associated with infant-feeding practices in developing countries. Pediatrics 74 :702–727.
-
20
Morais TB, Sigulem DM, de Sousa Maranhao H, de Morais MB, 2005. Bacterial contamination and nutrient content of home-prepared milk feeding bottles of infants attending a public out-patient clinic. J Trop Pediatr 51 :87–92.
-
21
Brouard C, Espie E, Weill FX, Kerouanton A, Brisabois A, Forgue AM, Vaillant V, de Valk H, 2007. Two consecutive large outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona infections in infants linked to the consumption of powdered infant formula. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26 :148–152.
-
22
Cahill SM, Wachsmuth IK, Costarrica Mde L, Ben Embarek PK, 2008. Powdered infant formula as a source of Salmonella infection in infants. Clin Infect Dis 46 :268–273.
-
23
Elegbe IA, Ojofeitimi EO, Elegbe I, Akinola MO, 1982. Pathogenic bacteria isolated from infant feeding teats: contamination of teats used by illiterate and educated nursing mothers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Am J Dis Child 136 :672–674.
-
24
Jourdan N, Le Hello S, Delmas G, Clouzeau J, Manteau C, Desaubliaux B, Chagnon V, Thierry-Bled F, Demare N, Weill F, de Valk H, 2008. Nationwide outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype give infections in infants in France, linked to infant milk formula, September 2008. Euro Surveill 13.
-
25
Levine MM, Edelman R, 1984. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Epidemiol Rev 6 :31–51.
-
26
Morais TB, Morais MB, Sigulem DM, 1998. Bacterial contamination of the lacteal contents of feeding bottles in metropolitan Sao Paulo, Brazil. Bull World Health Organ 76 :173–181.
-
27
Z WT, Tesfaye H, 1992. Bacteriological quality of infant feeding bottle-contents and teats in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 30 :79–88.
-
28
Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group, 2005. Counseling pregnant women and new mothers about HIV: counseling practices at Siriraj and Rajavithi Hospitals and Queen Sirikit National Institute for Child Health. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/HAC-PCG/section8.htm. Accessed July 21, 2005.
-
29
Dorosko S, Rollins N, 2003. Infant formula preparation by rural and semi-rural women in South Africa. Food Policy 28 :117–130.
-
30
Coutsoudis A, 2005. Breastfeeding and the HIV positive mother: the debate continues. Early Hum Dev 81 :87–93.
-
31
Doherty T, Chopra M, Jackson D, Goga A, Colvin M, Persson LA, 2007. Effectiveness of the WHO/UNICEF guidelines on infant feeding for HIV-positive women: results from a prospective cohort study in South Africa. AIDS 21 :1791–1797.
-
32
Thior I, Lockman S, Smeaton LM, Shapiro RL, Wester C, Heymann SJ, Gilbert PB, Stevens L, Peter T, Kim S, van Widenfelt E, Moffat C, Ndase P, Arimi P, Kebaabetswe P, Mazonde P, Makhema J, McIntosh K, Novitsky V, Lee TH, Marlink R, Lagakos S, Essex M, 2006. Breastfeeding plus infant zidovudine prophylaxis for 6 months vs formula feeding plus infant zidovudine for 1 month to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in Botswana: a randomized trial: the Mashi Study. JAMA 296 :794–805.
-
33
Chiller TM, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Keswick BH, Luby SP, 2006. Reducing diarrhoea in Guatemalan children: randomized controlled trial of flocculant-disinfectant for drinking-water. Bull World Health Organ 84 :28–35.
-
34
Clasen TF, Brown J, Collin S, Suntura O, Cairncross S, 2004. Reducing diarrhea through the use of household-based ceramic water filters: a randomized, controlled trial in rural Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :651–657.
-
35
Crump JA, Otieno PO, Slutsker L, Keswick BH, Rosen DH, Hoekstra RM, Vulule JM, Luby SP, 2005. Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 331 :478.
-
36
Rose A, Roy S, Abraham V, Holmgren G, George K, Balraj V, Abraham S, Muliyil J, Joseph A, Kang G, 2006. Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India. Arch Dis Child 91 :139–141.
-
37
Shrestha RK, Marseille E, Kahn JG, Lule JR, Pitter C, Blandford JM, Bunnell R, Coutinho A, Kizito F, Quick R, Mermin J, 2006. Cost-effectiveness of home-based chlorination and safe water storage in reducing diarrhea among HIV-affected households in rural Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :884–890.
-
38
Gransden WR, Webster M, French GL, Phillips I, 1986. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens transmitted by contaminated breast pumps in a special care baby unit. J Hosp Infect 7 :149–154.
-
39
Rowan NJ, Anderson JG, 1998. Effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection procedures on the removal of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus from infant feeding bottles. J Food Prot 61 :196–200.
-
40
Shields JM, Hill VR, Arrowood MJ, Beach MJ, 2008. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under chlorinated recreational water conditions. J Water Health 6 :513–520.
-
41
Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr, 2007. Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :354–364.
-
42
Gupta SK, Suantio A, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1158–1162.
-
43
Ram PK, Kelsey E, Rasoatiana, Miarintsoa RR, Rakotomalala O, Dunston C, Quick RE, 2007. Bringing safe water to remote populations: an evaluation of a portable point-of-use intervention in rural Madagascar. Am J Public Health 97 :398–400.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 467 | 255 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 520 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 203 | 9 | 0 |