ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Were W, 2004. Bringing Malaria Management closer to the Home. Geneva: Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organisation.
-
2
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
3
Noor AM, Amin AA, Akhwale WS, Snow RW, 2007. Increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in insecticide-treated bed net use among rural Kenyan children. PLoS Med 4 :e255.
-
4
Hetzel MW, Dillip A, Lengeler C, Obrist B, Msechu JJ, Makemba AM, Mshana C, Schulze A, Mshinda H, 2008. Malaria treatment in the retail sector: knowledge and practices of drug sellers in rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health 8 :157.
-
5
Marsh VM, Mutemi WM, Willetts A, Bayah K, Were S, Ross A, Marsh K, 2004. Improving malaria home treatment by training drug retailers in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :451–460.
-
6
Brieger WR, Unwin A, Greer G, Meek S, 2004. Interventions to Improve the Role of Informal Private Providers in Malaria Case Management for Children in Africa. BASICS II and the Malaria Consortium. Prepared for The Malaria Case Management Working Group, Roll Back Malaria.
-
7
Tavrow P, Shabahang J, Makama S, 2003. Vendor-to-vendor education to improve malaria treatment by private drug outlets in Bungoma District, Kenya. Malar J 2 :10.
-
8
Kidane G, Morrow RH, 2000. Teaching mothers to provide home treatment of malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 :550–555.
-
9
Goodman CBW, Unwin A, Mills A, Meek S, Greer G, 2007. Medicine sellers and malaria treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa: what do they do and how can their practice be improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :203–218.
-
10
Hetzel MW, Iteba N, Makemba A, Mshana C, Lengeler C, Obrist B, Schulze A, Nathan R, Dillip A, Alba S, Mayumana I, Khatib RA, Njau JD, Mshinda H, 2007. Understanding and improving access to prompt and effective malaria treatment and care in rural Tanzania: the ACCESS Programme. Malar J 6 :83.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2004. Scaling Up Home Management of Malaria: From Research to Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
-
12
Holtz TH, Kachur SP, Marum LH, Mkandala C, Chizani N, Roberts JM, Macheso A, Parise ME, 2003. Care seeking behaviour and treatment of febrile illness in children aged less than five years: a household survey in Blantyre District, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :491–497.
-
13
Deming MS, Gayibor A, Murphy K, Jones TS, Karsa T, 1989. Home treatment of febrile children with antimalarial drugs in Togo. Bull World Health Organ 67 :695–700.
-
14
Amin AA, Marsh V, Noor AM, Ochola SA, Snow RW, 2003. The use of formal and informal curative services in the management of paediatric fevers in four districts in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 8 :1143–1152.
-
15
Deressa W, Ali A, Enqusellassie F, 2003. Self-treatment of malaria in rural communities, Butajira, southern Ethiopia. Bull World Health Organ 81 :261–268.
-
16
Foster S, 1995. Treatment of malaria outside the formal health services. J Trop Med Hyg 98 :29–34.
-
17
McCombie SC, 1996. Treatment seeking for malaria: a review of recent research. Soc Sci Med 43 :933–945.
-
18
McCombie SC, 2002. Self-treatment for malaria: the evidence and methodological issues. Health Policy Plan 17 :333–344.
-
19
Redd SC, Kazembe PN, Luby SP, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower AW, Ziba C, Wirima JJ, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M, 1996. Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. Lancet 347 :223–227.
-
20
Weber MW, Mulholland EK, Jaffar S, Troedsson H, Gove S, Greenwood BM, 1997. Evaluation of an algorithm for the integrated management of childhood illness in an area with seasonal malaria in the Gambia. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):25–32.
-
21
Koram K, Molyneux ME, 2007. When is “malaria” malaria? The different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illnesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):1–5.
-
22
Pagnoni F, Convelbo N, Tiendrebeogo J, Cousens S, Esposito F, 1997. A community-based programme to provide prompt and adequate treatment of presumptive malaria in children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :512–517.
-
23
Dunyo SK, Afari EA, Koram KA, Ahorlu CK, Abubakar I, Nkrumah FK, 2000. Health centre versus home presumptive diagnosis of malaria in southern Ghana: implications for home-based care policy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :285–288.
-
24
Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R, 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :478–486.
-
25
Oshiname FO, Brieger WR, 1992. Primary care training for patent medicine vendors in rural Nigeria. Soc Sci Med 35 :1477–1484.
-
26
Kaona FA, Tuba M, 2003. Improving ability to identify malaria and correctly use chloroquine in children at household level in Nakonde District, Northern Province of Zambia. Malar J 2 :43.
-
27
Tawfik Y, Nsungwa-Sabitii J, Greer G, Owor J, Kesande R, Prysor-Jones S, 2006. Negotiating improved case management of childhood illness with formal and informal private practitioners in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 11 :967–973.
-
28
World Health Organization, 2005. World Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
29
Ministry of Health, 2003. Training Drug Retailers: A Programme Manager’s Planning Guide. DOMC. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
30
Ministry of Health, 2001. National Malaria Strategy 2001–2010, An Introduction. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
31
Noor AM, Zurovac D, Hay SI, Ochola SA, Snow RW, 2003. Defining equity in physical access to clinical services using geographical information systems as part of malaria planning and monitoring in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 8 :917–926.
-
32
Snow R, Noor A, Gikandi P, Tetteh G, Ochola S, 2003. Modelling the Anti-Malarial Drug Requirements for the Kenyan Government’s Formal Health Sector Using Imperfect Data. Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
33
Snow R, Ochola SA, Owino W, Gakuruh T, 2001. Strategic Development and Activity for Roll Back Malaria in Kenya 1998–2000. Nairobi: Ministry of Health with support from UNICEF.
-
34
Abuya TO, Mutemi W, Karisa B, Ochola SA, Fegan G, Marsh V, 2007. Use of over-the-counter malaria medicines in children and adults in three districts in Kenya: implications for private medicine retailer interventions. Malar J 6 :57.
-
35
Ministry of Health, 2005. Transition Plan for Implementation of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT) Malaria Treatment Policy in Kenya. DOMC. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
36
Amin AA, Zurovac D, Kangwana BB, Greenfield J, Otieno DN, Akhwale WS, Snow RW, 2007. The challenges of changing national malaria drug policy to artemisinin-based combinations in Kenya. Malar J 6 :72.
-
37
Madden JM, Quick JD, Ross-Degnan D, Kafle KK, 1997. Undercover careseekers: simulated clients in the study of health provider behavior in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 45 :1465–1482.
-
38
Conteh L, Hanson K, 2003. Methods for studying private sector supply of public health products in developing countries: a conceptual framework and review. Soc Sci Med 57 :1147–1161.
-
39
Sophia Rabe-Hesketh AS, Pickles A, 2005. Maximum likelihood estimation of limited and discrete dependent variable models with nested random effects. J Econom 128 :301–323.
-
40
Greer GAA, Madueke L, Plowman B, Fapohunda B, Tawfik Y, Holmes R, Owor J, Gilpin U, Clarence C, Lennox B, 2004. Improving Management of Childhood Malaria in Nigeria and Uganda by Improving Practices of Patent Medicine Vendors. Arlington, VA: BASICS II for the United States Agency for International Development.
-
41
Habicht JP, Victora CG, Vaughan JP, 1999. Evaluation designs for adequacy, plausibility and probability of public health programme performance and impact. Int J Epidemiol 28 :10–18.
-
42
Hayes RJ, Alexander ND, Bennett S, Cousens SN, 2000. Design and analysis issues in cluster-randomized trials of interventions against infectious diseases. Stat Methods Med Res 9 :95–116.
-
43
Victora CG, Habicht JP, Bryce J, 2004. Evidence-based public health: moving beyond randomized trials. Am J Public Health 94 :400–405.
-
44
Amin AA, Snow RW, 2005. Brands, costs and registration status of antimalarial drugs in the Kenyan retail sector. Malar J 4 :36.
-
45
Adikwu MU, 1996. Sales practices of patent medicine sellers in Nigeria. Health Policy Plan 11 :202–205.
-
46
Brieger WR, Osamor PE, Salami KK, Oladepo O, Otusanya SA, 2004. Interactions between patent medicine vendors and customers in urban and rural Nigeria. Health Policy Plan 19 :177–182.
-
47
Marquez L, 2001. Helping Health Care Providers Perform According to Standards. Bethesda, MD: US Agency for International Development.
-
48
Dzator J, Asafu-Adjaye J, 2004. A study of malaria care provider choice in Ghana. Health Policy 69 :389–401.
-
49
Goodman C, Kachur SP, Abdulla S, Mwageni E, Nyoni J, Schellenberg JA, Mills A, Bloland P, 2004. Retail supply of malaria-related drugs in rural Tanzania: risks and opportunities. Trop Med Int Health 9 :655–663.
-
50
Simmons R, Fajans P, Ghiron L, 2006. Scaling up health service deliver from pilot innovations to policies and programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
51
Goodman CA, Mutemi WM, Baya EK, Willetts A, Marsh V, 2006. The cost-effectiveness of improving malaria home management: shopkeeper training in rural Kenya. Health Policy Plan 21 :275–288.
-
52
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415 :680–685.
-
53
Bosman A, Mendis KN, 2007. A major transition in malaria treatment: the adoption and deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :193–197.
-
54
Goodman C, Kachur SP, Abdulla S, Bloland P, Mills A, 2007. Drug shop regulation and malaria treatment in Tanzania why do shops break the rules, and does it matter? Health Policy Plan 22 :393–403.
-
55
Charlwood D, 2004. The paradox of home management of malaria with artemisinin combinations. Trends Parasitol 20 :405–406.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 180 | 112 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 242 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 59 | 10 | 2 |
Impact of Ministry of Health Interventions on Private Medicine Retailer Knowledge and Practices on Anti-Malarial Treatment in Kenya
Timothy Abuya
Timothy Abuya
Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Provincial Medical Officer, Nairobi Province, Kenya; World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Greg Fegan
Greg Fegan
Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Provincial Medical Officer, Nairobi Province, Kenya; World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Yvone Rowa
Yvone Rowa
Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Provincial Medical Officer, Nairobi Province, Kenya; World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Baya Karisa
Baya Karisa
Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Provincial Medical Officer, Nairobi Province, Kenya; World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Sam Ochola
Sam Ochola
Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Provincial Medical Officer, Nairobi Province, Kenya; World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wilfred Mutemi
Wilfred Mutemi
Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Provincial Medical Officer, Nairobi Province, Kenya; World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Vicki Marsh
Vicki Marsh
Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Kilifi District Hospital, Kilifi, Kenya; Provincial Medical Officer, Nairobi Province, Kenya; World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Small-scale interventions on training medicine retailers on malaria treatment improve over-the-counter medicine use, but there is little evidence on effectiveness when scaled up. This study evaluated the impact of Ministry of Health (MoH) training programs on the knowledge and practices of medicine retailers in three districts in Kenya. A cluster randomized trial was planned across 10 administrative divisions. Findings indicated that 30.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.3, 39.0) and 5.2% (95% CI: 2.1, 10.3) of program and control retailers, respectively, sold MoH amodiaquine with correct advice on use to surrogate clients (OR = 8.8; 95% CI: 2.9, 26.9; P < 0.001). Similarly, 61.8% (95% CI: 54.2, 69.1) and 6.3% (95% CI: 2.7, 12.1) of program and control retailers, respectively, reported correct knowledge on dosing with amodiaquine (OR = 29.8; 95% CI: 8.2, 108.8). Large-scale retailer training programs within the national malaria control framework led to significant improvements in retailers’ practices across three districts.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Were W, 2004. Bringing Malaria Management closer to the Home. Geneva: Roll Back Malaria Department, World Health Organisation.
-
2
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000363.
-
3
Noor AM, Amin AA, Akhwale WS, Snow RW, 2007. Increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in insecticide-treated bed net use among rural Kenyan children. PLoS Med 4 :e255.
-
4
Hetzel MW, Dillip A, Lengeler C, Obrist B, Msechu JJ, Makemba AM, Mshana C, Schulze A, Mshinda H, 2008. Malaria treatment in the retail sector: knowledge and practices of drug sellers in rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health 8 :157.
-
5
Marsh VM, Mutemi WM, Willetts A, Bayah K, Were S, Ross A, Marsh K, 2004. Improving malaria home treatment by training drug retailers in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9 :451–460.
-
6
Brieger WR, Unwin A, Greer G, Meek S, 2004. Interventions to Improve the Role of Informal Private Providers in Malaria Case Management for Children in Africa. BASICS II and the Malaria Consortium. Prepared for The Malaria Case Management Working Group, Roll Back Malaria.
-
7
Tavrow P, Shabahang J, Makama S, 2003. Vendor-to-vendor education to improve malaria treatment by private drug outlets in Bungoma District, Kenya. Malar J 2 :10.
-
8
Kidane G, Morrow RH, 2000. Teaching mothers to provide home treatment of malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 :550–555.
-
9
Goodman CBW, Unwin A, Mills A, Meek S, Greer G, 2007. Medicine sellers and malaria treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa: what do they do and how can their practice be improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :203–218.
-
10
Hetzel MW, Iteba N, Makemba A, Mshana C, Lengeler C, Obrist B, Schulze A, Nathan R, Dillip A, Alba S, Mayumana I, Khatib RA, Njau JD, Mshinda H, 2007. Understanding and improving access to prompt and effective malaria treatment and care in rural Tanzania: the ACCESS Programme. Malar J 6 :83.
-
11
World Health Organization, 2004. Scaling Up Home Management of Malaria: From Research to Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
-
12
Holtz TH, Kachur SP, Marum LH, Mkandala C, Chizani N, Roberts JM, Macheso A, Parise ME, 2003. Care seeking behaviour and treatment of febrile illness in children aged less than five years: a household survey in Blantyre District, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :491–497.
-
13
Deming MS, Gayibor A, Murphy K, Jones TS, Karsa T, 1989. Home treatment of febrile children with antimalarial drugs in Togo. Bull World Health Organ 67 :695–700.
-
14
Amin AA, Marsh V, Noor AM, Ochola SA, Snow RW, 2003. The use of formal and informal curative services in the management of paediatric fevers in four districts in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 8 :1143–1152.
-
15
Deressa W, Ali A, Enqusellassie F, 2003. Self-treatment of malaria in rural communities, Butajira, southern Ethiopia. Bull World Health Organ 81 :261–268.
-
16
Foster S, 1995. Treatment of malaria outside the formal health services. J Trop Med Hyg 98 :29–34.
-
17
McCombie SC, 1996. Treatment seeking for malaria: a review of recent research. Soc Sci Med 43 :933–945.
-
18
McCombie SC, 2002. Self-treatment for malaria: the evidence and methodological issues. Health Policy Plan 17 :333–344.
-
19
Redd SC, Kazembe PN, Luby SP, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower AW, Ziba C, Wirima JJ, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M, 1996. Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. Lancet 347 :223–227.
-
20
Weber MW, Mulholland EK, Jaffar S, Troedsson H, Gove S, Greenwood BM, 1997. Evaluation of an algorithm for the integrated management of childhood illness in an area with seasonal malaria in the Gambia. Bull World Health Organ 75 (Suppl 1):25–32.
-
21
Koram K, Molyneux ME, 2007. When is “malaria” malaria? The different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illnesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):1–5.
-
22
Pagnoni F, Convelbo N, Tiendrebeogo J, Cousens S, Esposito F, 1997. A community-based programme to provide prompt and adequate treatment of presumptive malaria in children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 :512–517.
-
23
Dunyo SK, Afari EA, Koram KA, Ahorlu CK, Abubakar I, Nkrumah FK, 2000. Health centre versus home presumptive diagnosis of malaria in southern Ghana: implications for home-based care policy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :285–288.
-
24
Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R, 1987. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :478–486.
-
25
Oshiname FO, Brieger WR, 1992. Primary care training for patent medicine vendors in rural Nigeria. Soc Sci Med 35 :1477–1484.
-
26
Kaona FA, Tuba M, 2003. Improving ability to identify malaria and correctly use chloroquine in children at household level in Nakonde District, Northern Province of Zambia. Malar J 2 :43.
-
27
Tawfik Y, Nsungwa-Sabitii J, Greer G, Owor J, Kesande R, Prysor-Jones S, 2006. Negotiating improved case management of childhood illness with formal and informal private practitioners in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 11 :967–973.
-
28
World Health Organization, 2005. World Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
29
Ministry of Health, 2003. Training Drug Retailers: A Programme Manager’s Planning Guide. DOMC. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
30
Ministry of Health, 2001. National Malaria Strategy 2001–2010, An Introduction. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
31
Noor AM, Zurovac D, Hay SI, Ochola SA, Snow RW, 2003. Defining equity in physical access to clinical services using geographical information systems as part of malaria planning and monitoring in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 8 :917–926.
-
32
Snow R, Noor A, Gikandi P, Tetteh G, Ochola S, 2003. Modelling the Anti-Malarial Drug Requirements for the Kenyan Government’s Formal Health Sector Using Imperfect Data. Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
33
Snow R, Ochola SA, Owino W, Gakuruh T, 2001. Strategic Development and Activity for Roll Back Malaria in Kenya 1998–2000. Nairobi: Ministry of Health with support from UNICEF.
-
34
Abuya TO, Mutemi W, Karisa B, Ochola SA, Fegan G, Marsh V, 2007. Use of over-the-counter malaria medicines in children and adults in three districts in Kenya: implications for private medicine retailer interventions. Malar J 6 :57.
-
35
Ministry of Health, 2005. Transition Plan for Implementation of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT) Malaria Treatment Policy in Kenya. DOMC. Government printers, Nairobi.
-
36
Amin AA, Zurovac D, Kangwana BB, Greenfield J, Otieno DN, Akhwale WS, Snow RW, 2007. The challenges of changing national malaria drug policy to artemisinin-based combinations in Kenya. Malar J 6 :72.
-
37
Madden JM, Quick JD, Ross-Degnan D, Kafle KK, 1997. Undercover careseekers: simulated clients in the study of health provider behavior in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 45 :1465–1482.
-
38
Conteh L, Hanson K, 2003. Methods for studying private sector supply of public health products in developing countries: a conceptual framework and review. Soc Sci Med 57 :1147–1161.
-
39
Sophia Rabe-Hesketh AS, Pickles A, 2005. Maximum likelihood estimation of limited and discrete dependent variable models with nested random effects. J Econom 128 :301–323.
-
40
Greer GAA, Madueke L, Plowman B, Fapohunda B, Tawfik Y, Holmes R, Owor J, Gilpin U, Clarence C, Lennox B, 2004. Improving Management of Childhood Malaria in Nigeria and Uganda by Improving Practices of Patent Medicine Vendors. Arlington, VA: BASICS II for the United States Agency for International Development.
-
41
Habicht JP, Victora CG, Vaughan JP, 1999. Evaluation designs for adequacy, plausibility and probability of public health programme performance and impact. Int J Epidemiol 28 :10–18.
-
42
Hayes RJ, Alexander ND, Bennett S, Cousens SN, 2000. Design and analysis issues in cluster-randomized trials of interventions against infectious diseases. Stat Methods Med Res 9 :95–116.
-
43
Victora CG, Habicht JP, Bryce J, 2004. Evidence-based public health: moving beyond randomized trials. Am J Public Health 94 :400–405.
-
44
Amin AA, Snow RW, 2005. Brands, costs and registration status of antimalarial drugs in the Kenyan retail sector. Malar J 4 :36.
-
45
Adikwu MU, 1996. Sales practices of patent medicine sellers in Nigeria. Health Policy Plan 11 :202–205.
-
46
Brieger WR, Osamor PE, Salami KK, Oladepo O, Otusanya SA, 2004. Interactions between patent medicine vendors and customers in urban and rural Nigeria. Health Policy Plan 19 :177–182.
-
47
Marquez L, 2001. Helping Health Care Providers Perform According to Standards. Bethesda, MD: US Agency for International Development.
-
48
Dzator J, Asafu-Adjaye J, 2004. A study of malaria care provider choice in Ghana. Health Policy 69 :389–401.
-
49
Goodman C, Kachur SP, Abdulla S, Mwageni E, Nyoni J, Schellenberg JA, Mills A, Bloland P, 2004. Retail supply of malaria-related drugs in rural Tanzania: risks and opportunities. Trop Med Int Health 9 :655–663.
-
50
Simmons R, Fajans P, Ghiron L, 2006. Scaling up health service deliver from pilot innovations to policies and programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
51
Goodman CA, Mutemi WM, Baya EK, Willetts A, Marsh V, 2006. The cost-effectiveness of improving malaria home management: shopkeeper training in rural Kenya. Health Policy Plan 21 :275–288.
-
52
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415 :680–685.
-
53
Bosman A, Mendis KN, 2007. A major transition in malaria treatment: the adoption and deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :193–197.
-
54
Goodman C, Kachur SP, Abdulla S, Bloland P, Mills A, 2007. Drug shop regulation and malaria treatment in Tanzania why do shops break the rules, and does it matter? Health Policy Plan 22 :393–403.
-
55
Charlwood D, 2004. The paradox of home management of malaria with artemisinin combinations. Trends Parasitol 20 :405–406.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 180 | 112 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 242 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 59 | 10 | 2 |