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-
1
Mendis K, Sina BJ, Marchesini P, Carter R, 2001. The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :97–106.
-
2
Rodríguez MH, Loyola EG, Betanzos AF, Villarreal C, Bown DN, 1994. Control focal. Tratamiento focal usando quimioprofilaxis y rociado intradomiciliar con insecticida para el control de la malaria en el sur de México. Gac Med Mex 130 :313–319.
-
3
Price RN, Tjira E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :79–87.
-
4
Adak T, Sharma VP, Orlov VS, 1998. Studies on the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Delhi, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :175–179.
-
5
Boulos M, Amato-Neto V, Dutra AP, Di Santi SM, Shiroma M, 1991. Análise da freqüência de recaídas de malária por Plasmodium vivax em região não endémica (São Paulo, Brasil). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 33 :143–146.
-
6
Contacos PG, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Krotoski WA, Howard W, 1972. Studies on the characterization of Plasmodium vivax strains from Central America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21 :707–712.
-
7
Gogtay NJ, Desai S, Kadam VS, Kamtekar KD, Dalvi SS, Kshirsagar NA, 1999. Relapse pattern of Plasmodium vivax in Mumbai: a study of 283 cases of vivax malaria. J Assoc Physicians India 48 :1085–1086.
-
8
Chanon KE, Méndez-Galván JF, Galindo-Jaramillo JM, Olguin-Bernal H, Borja-Aburto VH, 2003. Cooperative actions to achieve malaria control without the use of DDT. Int J Hyg Environ Health 206 :387–394.
-
9
Rodriguez MH, 2006. Malaria and dengue vector biology and control in Latin America. Bridging Laboratory and Field Research for Genetic Control of Disease Vectors. Series: Wageningen UR Frontis Series, Vol. 11. Knols BGJ, Louis C, Bogers RJ, eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp 129–141.
-
10
Alving AS, Johnson CF, Tarlov AR, Brewer GJ, Kellermeyer RW, Carson PE, 1960. Mitigation of the haemolytic effect of primaquine and enhancement of its action against exoerytrocytic forms of the Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax by intermittent regimens of drug administration: a preliminary report. Bull World Health Organ 22 :621–631.
-
11
Méndez-Galván JF, Guerrero-Alvarado J, González-Mora M, Pérez-Landa M, Quintero-Cabanillas R, 1984. Evaluación de un esquema alternativo de tratamiento para el control del paludismo. Salud Publica Mex 26 :561–572.
-
12
Cedillos RA, Warren M, Jeffery GM, 1978. Field evaluation of primaquine in the control of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :466–472.
-
13
Arnold J, Alving AS, Hockwald RS, Clayman CB, Dern RJ, Beutler E, Jeffery GM, 1954. The effect of continuous and intermittent primaquine therapy on the relapse rate of Chesson strain vivax malaria. J Lab Clin Med 44 :429–438.
-
14
Bunnang DB, Karbwang J, Thanavibul A, Chittamas S, Ratanapongse Y, Korbsiri C, Banchang KN, Harinasuta T, 1994. High dose primaquine in primaquine resistant vivax malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :218–219.
-
15
Krotoski WA, 1985. Discovery of the hypnozoite and a new theory of malarial relapse. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :1–11.
-
16
Krotoski WA, Collins WE, Bray RS, Garnham PCCC, Cogdwell FB, Gwatz R, Killick-Kendrick R, Wolf RH, Sinden R, Koontz LC, Stanfill PS, 1982. Demonstration of hypnozoites in sporozoite transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1291–1293.
-
17
Fernández-Salas I, Roberts DR, Rodriguez MH, Marina-Fernandez CF, 1994. Bionomics of larval populations of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in the Tapachula foothills area, southern México. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10 :477–485.
-
18
Mason J, 1975. Patterns of Plasmodium vivax recurrences in a high-incidence coastal area of El Salvador, CA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24 :581–585.
-
19
Chadee DD, Kitron U, 1999. Spatial and temporal patterns of imported malaria cases and local transmission in Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :513–517.
-
20
Feighner BH, Pak SI, Novakoski WL, Kelsey L, Strickman D, 1998. Reemergence of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :295–297.
-
21
Charoenlap P, Harinasuta T, 1973. Relapses of vivax malaria after conventional course of primaquine and chloroquine—report of 2 cases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 4 :131–137.
-
22
Rombo L, Edawrads G, Ward SA, Eriksson G, Lindquist L, Lindberg A, Runehagen A, Bjorkman A, Hylander NO, 1987. Seven patients with relapses of Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale despite primaquine treatment. Trop Med Parasitol 38 :49–50.
-
23
Arias AE, Corredor A, 1989. Low response of Colombian strains of Plasmodium vivax to classical antimalarial therapy. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :21–23.
-
24
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 1996. Primaquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :243–249.
-
25
Baird JK, Hoffman SL, 2004. Primaquine therapy for malaria. CID 39 :1336–1345.
-
26
Gomez-Mendoza I, 1965. Comparative study of two regimens of radical treatment of vivax malaria in Mexico. Unpublished document. WHO/MAL/527.65.
-
27
Dua VK, Sharma VP, 2001. Plasmodium vivax relapses after 5 days of primaquine treatment, in some industrial complexes of India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :655–659.
-
28
Villalobos-Salcedo JM, Tada MS, Kimura E, Menezes MJ, Pereirada-Silva LH, 2000. In-vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Rondônia nia (western Amazon region, Brazil) to regimens including chloroquine and primaquine. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :749–758.
-
29
Gogtay NJ, Desai S, Kamtekar KD, Kadam VS, Dalvi SS, Kshirsakar NA, 1999. Efficacies of 5- and 14-day primaquine regimens in the prevention of relapses in Plasmodium vivax infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :809–812.
-
30
Adak T, Valecha N, Sharma VP, 2001. Plasmodium vivax polymorphisms in a clinical drug trial. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8 :891–894.
-
31
Arias AE, Corredor A, 1989. Low response of Colombian strains of Plasmodium vivax to classical antimalarial therapy. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :21–23.
-
32
Baird JK, Hoffman SL, 2004. Primaquine therapy for malaria. Clin Infect Dis 39 :1336–1345.
-
33
Warhurst DC, 1984. Why are primaquine and other 8 aminoquino-lines particularly effective against the mature gametocytes and the hypnozoites of malaria? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 78 :165.
-
34
Danis-Lozano R, Rodriguez MH, Betanzos-Reyes AF, Hernández-Ávila JE, González-Cerón L, Méndez-Galván JF, Velázquez-Monroy OJ, Tapia-Conyer R, 2007. Individual risk factors for Plasmodium vivax: infection in the residual malaria transmission focus of Oaxaca, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 49 :199–209.
-
35
Craig AA, Kain KC, 1996. Molecular analysis of strains of Plasmodium vivax paired primary and relapse infections. J Infect Dis 174 :373–379.
-
36
Schwartz E, Regev-Yochay G, Kurnik D, 2000. A consideration of primaquine dose adjustment for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :393–395.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 280 | 194 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 229 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 55 | 10 | 2 |
The Participation of Secondary Clinical Episodes in the Epidemiology of Vivax Malaria during Pre- and Post-Implementation of Focal Control in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico
Mario H. Rodriguez
Mario H. Rodriguez
Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Regional Center for Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization Representation, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Informatics and Medical Geography, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Secretariat of Health of the State of Oaxaca, Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico
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Ángel F. Betanzos-Reyes
Ángel F. Betanzos-Reyes
Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Regional Center for Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization Representation, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Informatics and Medical Geography, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Secretariat of Health of the State of Oaxaca, Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico
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Juan E. Hernández-Ávila
Juan E. Hernández-Ávila
Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Regional Center for Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization Representation, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Informatics and Medical Geography, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Secretariat of Health of the State of Oaxaca, Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico
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Jorge F. Méndez-Galván
Jorge F. Méndez-Galván
Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Regional Center for Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization Representation, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Informatics and Medical Geography, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Secretariat of Health of the State of Oaxaca, Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico
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Rogelio Danis-Lozano
Rogelio Danis-Lozano
Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Regional Center for Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization Representation, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Informatics and Medical Geography, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Secretariat of Health of the State of Oaxaca, Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico
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Armando Altamirano-Jiménez
Armando Altamirano-Jiménez
Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Regional Center for Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization Representation, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Informatics and Medical Geography, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Secretariat of Health of the State of Oaxaca, Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico
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The participation of vivax malaria secondary clinical was researched in a retrospective cohort of 33,414 confirmed cases occurring between 1994 and 2005 in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Secondary episodes occurred in 23.4% of all primary cases. An increase in secondary episodes was associated with primary cases occurring during the dry seasons (risk ratio [RR] = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.45–1.96). The incidence of secondary episodes peaked at an older age, occurred similarly in men and women mostly during low mosquito abundance, and had a uniform distribution among localities. A reduction in secondary episodes was associated with the administration of an increased dose and early administration of primaquine (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.26–0.38). However, limitations to distinguish relapses from re-infections impede assessment of the new treatment effect on relapses and its contribution to malaria control in the area. These findings highlight the need for new therapeutic schemes to radical cure of P. vivax infections and operational research aimed at parasite pool elimination.
Author Notes
ProCite
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-
1
Mendis K, Sina BJ, Marchesini P, Carter R, 2001. The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :97–106.
-
2
Rodríguez MH, Loyola EG, Betanzos AF, Villarreal C, Bown DN, 1994. Control focal. Tratamiento focal usando quimioprofilaxis y rociado intradomiciliar con insecticida para el control de la malaria en el sur de México. Gac Med Mex 130 :313–319.
-
3
Price RN, Tjira E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :79–87.
-
4
Adak T, Sharma VP, Orlov VS, 1998. Studies on the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Delhi, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :175–179.
-
5
Boulos M, Amato-Neto V, Dutra AP, Di Santi SM, Shiroma M, 1991. Análise da freqüência de recaídas de malária por Plasmodium vivax em região não endémica (São Paulo, Brasil). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 33 :143–146.
-
6
Contacos PG, Collins WE, Jeffery GM, Krotoski WA, Howard W, 1972. Studies on the characterization of Plasmodium vivax strains from Central America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 21 :707–712.
-
7
Gogtay NJ, Desai S, Kadam VS, Kamtekar KD, Dalvi SS, Kshirsagar NA, 1999. Relapse pattern of Plasmodium vivax in Mumbai: a study of 283 cases of vivax malaria. J Assoc Physicians India 48 :1085–1086.
-
8
Chanon KE, Méndez-Galván JF, Galindo-Jaramillo JM, Olguin-Bernal H, Borja-Aburto VH, 2003. Cooperative actions to achieve malaria control without the use of DDT. Int J Hyg Environ Health 206 :387–394.
-
9
Rodriguez MH, 2006. Malaria and dengue vector biology and control in Latin America. Bridging Laboratory and Field Research for Genetic Control of Disease Vectors. Series: Wageningen UR Frontis Series, Vol. 11. Knols BGJ, Louis C, Bogers RJ, eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp 129–141.
-
10
Alving AS, Johnson CF, Tarlov AR, Brewer GJ, Kellermeyer RW, Carson PE, 1960. Mitigation of the haemolytic effect of primaquine and enhancement of its action against exoerytrocytic forms of the Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax by intermittent regimens of drug administration: a preliminary report. Bull World Health Organ 22 :621–631.
-
11
Méndez-Galván JF, Guerrero-Alvarado J, González-Mora M, Pérez-Landa M, Quintero-Cabanillas R, 1984. Evaluación de un esquema alternativo de tratamiento para el control del paludismo. Salud Publica Mex 26 :561–572.
-
12
Cedillos RA, Warren M, Jeffery GM, 1978. Field evaluation of primaquine in the control of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :466–472.
-
13
Arnold J, Alving AS, Hockwald RS, Clayman CB, Dern RJ, Beutler E, Jeffery GM, 1954. The effect of continuous and intermittent primaquine therapy on the relapse rate of Chesson strain vivax malaria. J Lab Clin Med 44 :429–438.
-
14
Bunnang DB, Karbwang J, Thanavibul A, Chittamas S, Ratanapongse Y, Korbsiri C, Banchang KN, Harinasuta T, 1994. High dose primaquine in primaquine resistant vivax malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :218–219.
-
15
Krotoski WA, 1985. Discovery of the hypnozoite and a new theory of malarial relapse. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :1–11.
-
16
Krotoski WA, Collins WE, Bray RS, Garnham PCCC, Cogdwell FB, Gwatz R, Killick-Kendrick R, Wolf RH, Sinden R, Koontz LC, Stanfill PS, 1982. Demonstration of hypnozoites in sporozoite transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31 :1291–1293.
-
17
Fernández-Salas I, Roberts DR, Rodriguez MH, Marina-Fernandez CF, 1994. Bionomics of larval populations of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in the Tapachula foothills area, southern México. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10 :477–485.
-
18
Mason J, 1975. Patterns of Plasmodium vivax recurrences in a high-incidence coastal area of El Salvador, CA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24 :581–585.
-
19
Chadee DD, Kitron U, 1999. Spatial and temporal patterns of imported malaria cases and local transmission in Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :513–517.
-
20
Feighner BH, Pak SI, Novakoski WL, Kelsey L, Strickman D, 1998. Reemergence of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 4 :295–297.
-
21
Charoenlap P, Harinasuta T, 1973. Relapses of vivax malaria after conventional course of primaquine and chloroquine—report of 2 cases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 4 :131–137.
-
22
Rombo L, Edawrads G, Ward SA, Eriksson G, Lindquist L, Lindberg A, Runehagen A, Bjorkman A, Hylander NO, 1987. Seven patients with relapses of Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale despite primaquine treatment. Trop Med Parasitol 38 :49–50.
-
23
Arias AE, Corredor A, 1989. Low response of Colombian strains of Plasmodium vivax to classical antimalarial therapy. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :21–23.
-
24
Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 1996. Primaquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :243–249.
-
25
Baird JK, Hoffman SL, 2004. Primaquine therapy for malaria. CID 39 :1336–1345.
-
26
Gomez-Mendoza I, 1965. Comparative study of two regimens of radical treatment of vivax malaria in Mexico. Unpublished document. WHO/MAL/527.65.
-
27
Dua VK, Sharma VP, 2001. Plasmodium vivax relapses after 5 days of primaquine treatment, in some industrial complexes of India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :655–659.
-
28
Villalobos-Salcedo JM, Tada MS, Kimura E, Menezes MJ, Pereirada-Silva LH, 2000. In-vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Rondônia nia (western Amazon region, Brazil) to regimens including chloroquine and primaquine. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :749–758.
-
29
Gogtay NJ, Desai S, Kamtekar KD, Kadam VS, Dalvi SS, Kshirsakar NA, 1999. Efficacies of 5- and 14-day primaquine regimens in the prevention of relapses in Plasmodium vivax infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93 :809–812.
-
30
Adak T, Valecha N, Sharma VP, 2001. Plasmodium vivax polymorphisms in a clinical drug trial. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8 :891–894.
-
31
Arias AE, Corredor A, 1989. Low response of Colombian strains of Plasmodium vivax to classical antimalarial therapy. Trop Med Parasitol 40 :21–23.
-
32
Baird JK, Hoffman SL, 2004. Primaquine therapy for malaria. Clin Infect Dis 39 :1336–1345.
-
33
Warhurst DC, 1984. Why are primaquine and other 8 aminoquino-lines particularly effective against the mature gametocytes and the hypnozoites of malaria? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 78 :165.
-
34
Danis-Lozano R, Rodriguez MH, Betanzos-Reyes AF, Hernández-Ávila JE, González-Cerón L, Méndez-Galván JF, Velázquez-Monroy OJ, Tapia-Conyer R, 2007. Individual risk factors for Plasmodium vivax: infection in the residual malaria transmission focus of Oaxaca, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 49 :199–209.
-
35
Craig AA, Kain KC, 1996. Molecular analysis of strains of Plasmodium vivax paired primary and relapse infections. J Infect Dis 174 :373–379.
-
36
Schwartz E, Regev-Yochay G, Kurnik D, 2000. A consideration of primaquine dose adjustment for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :393–395.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 280 | 194 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 229 | 8 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 55 | 10 | 2 |