ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
World Health Organization, 2006. Towards Universal Access by 2010: How WHO is Working with Countries to Scale-up HIV Prevention, Treatment, Care and Support Page. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/advocacy/universalaccess/en/. Accessed March 5, 2008.
-
2
Tozzi V, Balestra P, Bellagamba R, Corpolongo A, Salvatori MF, Visco-Comandini U, Vlassi C, Giulianelli M, Galgani S, Antinori A, Narciso P, 2007. Persistence of neuropsychological deficits despite long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-related neurocognitive impairment: prevalence and risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 45: 174–182.
-
3
Stringer JS, Zulu I, Levy J, Stringer EM, Mwango A, Chi BH, Mtonga V, Reid S, Cantrell RA, Bulterys M, Saag MS, Marlink RG, Mwinga A, Ellerbrock TV, Sinkala M, 2006. Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. JAMA 296: 782–793.
-
4
Muula AS, Chipeta J, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E, Mataya RHK, Ataika E, 2007. Human resources requirements for highly active antiretroviral therapy scale-up in Malawi. BMC Health Serv Res 7: 208.
-
5
Kober K, Van Damme W, 2004. Scaling up access to antiretroviral treatment in southern Africa: who will do the job? Lancet 364: 103–107.
-
6
Clifford DB, Mitike MT, Mekonnen Y, Zhang J, Zenebe G, Melaku Z, Zewde A, Gessesse N, Wolday D, Messele T, Teshome M, Evans S, 2007. Neurological evaluation of untreated human immunodeficiency virus infected adults in Ethiopia. J Neurovirol 13: 67–72.
-
7
Modi G, Hari K, Modi M, Mochan A, 2007. The frequency and profile of neurology in black South African HIV infected (clade C) patients: a hospital-based prospective audit. J Neurol Sci 254: 60–64.
-
8
Sacktor NC, Wong M, Nakasujja N, Skolasky RL, Selnes OA, Musisi S, Robertson K, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Katabira E, 2005. The international HIV dementia scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS 19: 1367–1374.
-
9
Power C, Selnes OA, Grim JA, McArthur JC, 1995. HIV dementia scale: a rapid screening test. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 8: 273–278.
-
10
Wojna V, Skolasky RL, Hechavarria R, May R, Selnes O, McArthur JC, Melendez LM, Maldonado E, Zorrilla CD, Garcia H, Kraiselburd E, Nath A, 2006. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment in a group of Hispanic women at risk for neurological impairment. J Neurovirol 12: 356–364.
-
11
WHO/UNAIDS, 2004. Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Zambia Page. Available at: http://www.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/EFS2004/index.asp. Accessed March 5, 2008.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1990. Interim proposal for a WHO staging system for HIV infection and disease. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 65: 221–224.
-
13
Miller WC, Thielman NM, Swai N, Cegielski JP, Shao J, Manyenga D, Mlalasi J, Lallinger GJ, 1995. Diagnosis and screening of HIV/AIDS using clinical criteria in Tanzanian adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 9: 408–414.
-
14
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR, 1975. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12: 189–198.
-
15
Maj M, D’Elia L, Satz P, Janssen R, Zaudig M, Uchiyama C, Starace F, Galderisi S, Chervinsky A, 1993. Evaluation of two new neuropsychologicalal tests designed to minimize cultural bias in the assessment of HIV-1 seropositive persons: a WHO study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 8: 123–135.
-
16
Gladstone M, Lancaster G, Jones A, Maleta K, Mtitimila E, Ashorn P, Smyth R, 2007. Can Western developmental screening tools be modified for use in a rural Malawian setting? Arch Dis Child 93: 23–29.
-
17
Maj M, Satz P, Janssen R, Zaudig M, Starace F, D’Elia L, Sughondhabirom B, Mussa M, Naber D, Ndetei D, 1994. WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS study, cross-sectional phase II. Neuropsychologicalal and neurological findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 51–61.
-
18
Sebit MB, 1995. Neuropsychiatric HIV-1 infection study: in Kenya and Zaire cross-sectional phase I and II. Cent Afr J Med 41: 315–322.
-
19
Belec PL, Testa J, Vohito MD, Gresenguet G, Martin MI, Tabo A, Di Costanzo B, Georges AJ, 1989. Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of AIDS in Central African Republic [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 82: 297–307.
-
20
Howlett WP, Nkya WM, Mmuni KA, Missalek WR, 1989. Neurological disorders in AIDS and HIV disease in the northern zone of Tanzania. AIDS 3: 289–296.
-
21
Wong MH, Robertson K, Nakasujja N, Skolasky R, Musisi S, Katabira E, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Sacktor N, 2007. Frequency of and risk factors for HIV dementia in an HIV clinic in sub-Saharan Africa. Neurology 68: 350–355.
-
22
Dore GJ, Correll PK, Li Y, Kaldor JM, Cooper DA, Brew BJ, 1999. Changes to AIDS dementia complex in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13: 1249–1253.
-
23
Janssen RS, Nwanyanwu OC, Selik RM, Stehr-Green JK, 1992. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy in the United States. Neurology 42: 1472–1476.
-
24
McGrath NM, Cooke GS, 2007. Frequency of and risk factors for HIV dementia in an HIV clinic in sub-Saharan Africa. Neurology 69: 411–412, author reply 412–413.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 528 | 472 | 35 |
| Full Text Views | 217 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 61 | 11 | 2 |
Closing Gaps in Antiretroviral Therapy Access: Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Dementia Screening Instruments for Non-Physician Healthcare Workers
Michelle P. Kvalsund
Michelle P. Kvalsund
International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska; Chikankata Health Services, Mazabuka, Zambia
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Alan Haworth
Alan Haworth
International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska; Chikankata Health Services, Mazabuka, Zambia
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Daniel L. Murman
Daniel L. Murman
International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska; Chikankata Health Services, Mazabuka, Zambia
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Ellen Velie
Ellen Velie
International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska; Chikankata Health Services, Mazabuka, Zambia
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Gretchen L. Birbeck
Gretchen L. Birbeck
International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska; Chikankata Health Services, Mazabuka, Zambia
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Human immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia (HIV-D) is an indication for antiretroviral therapy (ART), but HIV-D is not routinely screened for in ART clinics in sub-Saharan Africa. Given the dearth of physicians in sub-Saharan Africa, enabling non-physician healthcare workers to identify HIV-D is crucial for early treatment initiation and preventing chronic neurologic disability. Non-physician healthcare workers administered locally adapted screening instruments to 48 persons living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWAs), and 15 healthy comparison persons provided normative data. Stage IV PLWAs performed worse than the comparison group on all tests. Overall, 24 (50%) of 48 PLWAs had significant cognitive impairment. Among HIV staging categories, 1 stage II (33%), 6 stage III (42%), and 17 stage IV (55%) patients were identified as cognitively impaired. Our pilot study indicates that screening instruments used by non-physician healthcare workers can identify cognitive impairment in PLWAs and may facilitate appropriate initiation of ART in resource-poor settings.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
World Health Organization, 2006. Towards Universal Access by 2010: How WHO is Working with Countries to Scale-up HIV Prevention, Treatment, Care and Support Page. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/advocacy/universalaccess/en/. Accessed March 5, 2008.
-
2
Tozzi V, Balestra P, Bellagamba R, Corpolongo A, Salvatori MF, Visco-Comandini U, Vlassi C, Giulianelli M, Galgani S, Antinori A, Narciso P, 2007. Persistence of neuropsychological deficits despite long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-related neurocognitive impairment: prevalence and risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 45: 174–182.
-
3
Stringer JS, Zulu I, Levy J, Stringer EM, Mwango A, Chi BH, Mtonga V, Reid S, Cantrell RA, Bulterys M, Saag MS, Marlink RG, Mwinga A, Ellerbrock TV, Sinkala M, 2006. Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. JAMA 296: 782–793.
-
4
Muula AS, Chipeta J, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E, Mataya RHK, Ataika E, 2007. Human resources requirements for highly active antiretroviral therapy scale-up in Malawi. BMC Health Serv Res 7: 208.
-
5
Kober K, Van Damme W, 2004. Scaling up access to antiretroviral treatment in southern Africa: who will do the job? Lancet 364: 103–107.
-
6
Clifford DB, Mitike MT, Mekonnen Y, Zhang J, Zenebe G, Melaku Z, Zewde A, Gessesse N, Wolday D, Messele T, Teshome M, Evans S, 2007. Neurological evaluation of untreated human immunodeficiency virus infected adults in Ethiopia. J Neurovirol 13: 67–72.
-
7
Modi G, Hari K, Modi M, Mochan A, 2007. The frequency and profile of neurology in black South African HIV infected (clade C) patients: a hospital-based prospective audit. J Neurol Sci 254: 60–64.
-
8
Sacktor NC, Wong M, Nakasujja N, Skolasky RL, Selnes OA, Musisi S, Robertson K, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Katabira E, 2005. The international HIV dementia scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS 19: 1367–1374.
-
9
Power C, Selnes OA, Grim JA, McArthur JC, 1995. HIV dementia scale: a rapid screening test. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 8: 273–278.
-
10
Wojna V, Skolasky RL, Hechavarria R, May R, Selnes O, McArthur JC, Melendez LM, Maldonado E, Zorrilla CD, Garcia H, Kraiselburd E, Nath A, 2006. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment in a group of Hispanic women at risk for neurological impairment. J Neurovirol 12: 356–364.
-
11
WHO/UNAIDS, 2004. Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Zambia Page. Available at: http://www.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/EFS2004/index.asp. Accessed March 5, 2008.
-
12
World Health Organization, 1990. Interim proposal for a WHO staging system for HIV infection and disease. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 65: 221–224.
-
13
Miller WC, Thielman NM, Swai N, Cegielski JP, Shao J, Manyenga D, Mlalasi J, Lallinger GJ, 1995. Diagnosis and screening of HIV/AIDS using clinical criteria in Tanzanian adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 9: 408–414.
-
14
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR, 1975. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12: 189–198.
-
15
Maj M, D’Elia L, Satz P, Janssen R, Zaudig M, Uchiyama C, Starace F, Galderisi S, Chervinsky A, 1993. Evaluation of two new neuropsychologicalal tests designed to minimize cultural bias in the assessment of HIV-1 seropositive persons: a WHO study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 8: 123–135.
-
16
Gladstone M, Lancaster G, Jones A, Maleta K, Mtitimila E, Ashorn P, Smyth R, 2007. Can Western developmental screening tools be modified for use in a rural Malawian setting? Arch Dis Child 93: 23–29.
-
17
Maj M, Satz P, Janssen R, Zaudig M, Starace F, D’Elia L, Sughondhabirom B, Mussa M, Naber D, Ndetei D, 1994. WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS study, cross-sectional phase II. Neuropsychologicalal and neurological findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 51–61.
-
18
Sebit MB, 1995. Neuropsychiatric HIV-1 infection study: in Kenya and Zaire cross-sectional phase I and II. Cent Afr J Med 41: 315–322.
-
19
Belec PL, Testa J, Vohito MD, Gresenguet G, Martin MI, Tabo A, Di Costanzo B, Georges AJ, 1989. Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of AIDS in Central African Republic [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 82: 297–307.
-
20
Howlett WP, Nkya WM, Mmuni KA, Missalek WR, 1989. Neurological disorders in AIDS and HIV disease in the northern zone of Tanzania. AIDS 3: 289–296.
-
21
Wong MH, Robertson K, Nakasujja N, Skolasky R, Musisi S, Katabira E, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Sacktor N, 2007. Frequency of and risk factors for HIV dementia in an HIV clinic in sub-Saharan Africa. Neurology 68: 350–355.
-
22
Dore GJ, Correll PK, Li Y, Kaldor JM, Cooper DA, Brew BJ, 1999. Changes to AIDS dementia complex in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13: 1249–1253.
-
23
Janssen RS, Nwanyanwu OC, Selik RM, Stehr-Green JK, 1992. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy in the United States. Neurology 42: 1472–1476.
-
24
McGrath NM, Cooke GS, 2007. Frequency of and risk factors for HIV dementia in an HIV clinic in sub-Saharan Africa. Neurology 69: 411–412, author reply 412–413.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 528 | 472 | 35 |
| Full Text Views | 217 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 61 | 11 | 2 |