Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE, 2005. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365 :1147–1152.
Petri WA Jr, Miller M, Binder HJ, Levine M, Dillingham R, Guerrant RL, 2008. Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development. J Clin Invest 118 :1277–1290.
Guerrant RL, Oria RB, Moore SR, Oria MOB, Lima AAM, 2008. Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development. Nutr Rev 66 :487–505.
Mata L, 1992. Diarrheal disease as a cause of malnutrition. Am J Trop Hyg. 47 :16–27.
James JW, 1972. Longitudinal study of the morbidity of diarrhoeal and respiratory infections in malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr 25 :690–694.
Sepulveda J, Willett W, Munoz A, 1988. Malnutrition and diarrhoea: a longitudinal study in among Mexican children. Am J Epidemiol 127 :365–376.
Black RE, Brown KH, Becker S, 1984. Malnutrition is a determining factor in diarrheal duration, but not incidence, among young children in a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr 39 :87–94.
Mondal D, Petri WA Jr, Sack RB, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, 2001. Entamoeba histolytica-associated diarrheal illness is negatively associated with the growth of preschool children: evidence from a prospective study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :1032–1038.
Brown KH, 2003. Diarrhea and malnutrition. J Nutr 133 :328S–332S.
Haque R, Ali IKM, Sack RB, Farr BM, Ramakrishnan G, Petri WA Jr, 2001. Amebiasis and mucosal IgA antibody against the Entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin in Bangladeshi children. J Infect Dis 183 :1787–1793.
Haque R, Mondal D, Kirkpatrick BD, Akther S, Farr BM, Sack RB, Petri WA Jr, 2003. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on E. histolytica infections in preschool children in urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :398–405.
Haque R, Mondal D, Duggal P, Kabir M, Roy S, Farr BM, Sack RB, Petri WA Jr, 2006. Entamoeba histolytica infection in children and protection from subsequent amebiasis. Infect Immun 74 :904–909.
Hamill PVV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM, 1979. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr 32 :607–629.
Checkley W, Gilman R, Epstein LD, Saurez M, Diaz F, Cabera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1997. Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 145 :156–163.
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz JF, Cabrera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1998. Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol 145 :156–163.
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :707–713.
Kirkpatrick BD, Daniels MM, Jean SS, Pape JW, Karp C, Littenberg B, Fitzgerald DW, Lederman HM, Nataro JP, Sears CL, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis stimulates an inflammatory intestinal response in malnourished Haitian children. J Infect Dis 186 :94–101.
Adjei AA, Armah H, Rodrigues O, Renner L, Borketey P, Ayeh-Kumi P, Adiku T, Sifah E, Lartey M, 2004. Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea among children at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. Jpn J Infect Dis 57 :216–219.
Gay-Andrieu E, Adehossi E, Illa H, Garba Ben A, Kourna H, Boureima H, 2007. Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in pediatric hospital patients in Niamey, Niger. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 100 :193–196.
Wanke C, Butler T, Islam M, 1988. Epidemiologic and clinical features of invasive amebiasis in Bangladesh: a case-control comparison with other diarrheal diseases and postmortem findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :335–341.
Black RE, Brown KH, Becker S, 1984. Effect of diarrhea associated with specific enteropathogens on the growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Pediatrics 73 :799–805.
Qadri F, Saha A, Ahmed T, Al Tarique A, Begum YA, Svennerholm AM, 2007. Disease burden due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the first 2 years of life in an urban community in Bangladesh. Infect Immun 75 :3961–3968.
Haque R, Mondal D, Shu J, Roy S, Kabir M, Davis AN, Duggal P, Petri WA Jr, 2007. IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells is associated with childhood resistance to amebiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :340–344.
Kakai R, Wamola IA, Bwayo JJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, 1995. Enteric pathogens in malnourished children with diarrhoea. East Afr Med J 72 :288–289.
Hollm-Delgado MG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Black RE, Checkley W, 2008. Lack of an adverse effect of Giardia intestinalis infection on the health of Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 168 :647–655.
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We examined whether malnutrition (underweight [WAZ] < −2) increased the risk of diarrhea equally for all enteropathogens. The study was conducted prospectively between January 1999 and July 2002 in Mirpur, an urban slum in Dhaka. Two hundred eighty-nine Bangladeshi children (147 male and 142 female) 2–5 years of age were included in the study. Malnutrition was present in 39% of the children at the time of enrollment. The parents and children were visited and interviewed every other day by health care workers for details about any diarrheal episodes. Stool samples were successfully collected from 62% of episodes of diarrhea. Of the identified enteropathogens, only enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Cryptosporidium sp., and Entamoeba histolytica were significantly more prevalent in malnourished children. We concluded that the malnutrition attributed risk is not equal for enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal illness.
Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE, 2005. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365 :1147–1152.
Petri WA Jr, Miller M, Binder HJ, Levine M, Dillingham R, Guerrant RL, 2008. Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development. J Clin Invest 118 :1277–1290.
Guerrant RL, Oria RB, Moore SR, Oria MOB, Lima AAM, 2008. Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development. Nutr Rev 66 :487–505.
Mata L, 1992. Diarrheal disease as a cause of malnutrition. Am J Trop Hyg. 47 :16–27.
James JW, 1972. Longitudinal study of the morbidity of diarrhoeal and respiratory infections in malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr 25 :690–694.
Sepulveda J, Willett W, Munoz A, 1988. Malnutrition and diarrhoea: a longitudinal study in among Mexican children. Am J Epidemiol 127 :365–376.
Black RE, Brown KH, Becker S, 1984. Malnutrition is a determining factor in diarrheal duration, but not incidence, among young children in a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr 39 :87–94.
Mondal D, Petri WA Jr, Sack RB, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, 2001. Entamoeba histolytica-associated diarrheal illness is negatively associated with the growth of preschool children: evidence from a prospective study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :1032–1038.
Brown KH, 2003. Diarrhea and malnutrition. J Nutr 133 :328S–332S.
Haque R, Ali IKM, Sack RB, Farr BM, Ramakrishnan G, Petri WA Jr, 2001. Amebiasis and mucosal IgA antibody against the Entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin in Bangladeshi children. J Infect Dis 183 :1787–1793.
Haque R, Mondal D, Kirkpatrick BD, Akther S, Farr BM, Sack RB, Petri WA Jr, 2003. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on E. histolytica infections in preschool children in urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :398–405.
Haque R, Mondal D, Duggal P, Kabir M, Roy S, Farr BM, Sack RB, Petri WA Jr, 2006. Entamoeba histolytica infection in children and protection from subsequent amebiasis. Infect Immun 74 :904–909.
Hamill PVV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM, 1979. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr 32 :607–629.
Checkley W, Gilman R, Epstein LD, Saurez M, Diaz F, Cabera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1997. Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 145 :156–163.
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz JF, Cabrera L, Black RE, Sterling CR, 1998. Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol 145 :156–163.
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :707–713.
Kirkpatrick BD, Daniels MM, Jean SS, Pape JW, Karp C, Littenberg B, Fitzgerald DW, Lederman HM, Nataro JP, Sears CL, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis stimulates an inflammatory intestinal response in malnourished Haitian children. J Infect Dis 186 :94–101.
Adjei AA, Armah H, Rodrigues O, Renner L, Borketey P, Ayeh-Kumi P, Adiku T, Sifah E, Lartey M, 2004. Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea among children at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. Jpn J Infect Dis 57 :216–219.
Gay-Andrieu E, Adehossi E, Illa H, Garba Ben A, Kourna H, Boureima H, 2007. Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in pediatric hospital patients in Niamey, Niger. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 100 :193–196.
Wanke C, Butler T, Islam M, 1988. Epidemiologic and clinical features of invasive amebiasis in Bangladesh: a case-control comparison with other diarrheal diseases and postmortem findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 :335–341.
Black RE, Brown KH, Becker S, 1984. Effect of diarrhea associated with specific enteropathogens on the growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Pediatrics 73 :799–805.
Qadri F, Saha A, Ahmed T, Al Tarique A, Begum YA, Svennerholm AM, 2007. Disease burden due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the first 2 years of life in an urban community in Bangladesh. Infect Immun 75 :3961–3968.
Haque R, Mondal D, Shu J, Roy S, Kabir M, Davis AN, Duggal P, Petri WA Jr, 2007. IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells is associated with childhood resistance to amebiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :340–344.
Kakai R, Wamola IA, Bwayo JJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, 1995. Enteric pathogens in malnourished children with diarrhoea. East Afr Med J 72 :288–289.
Hollm-Delgado MG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Black RE, Checkley W, 2008. Lack of an adverse effect of Giardia intestinalis infection on the health of Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 168 :647–655.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1523 | 1354 | 820 |
Full Text Views | 293 | 9 | 5 |
PDF Downloads | 93 | 8 | 4 |